perf: reduce portable build size ~40MB — replace winsdk/wmi, migrate cv2 to Pillow

- Replace winsdk (~35MB) with winrt packages (~2.5MB) for OS notification
  listener. API is identical, 93% size reduction.
- Replace wmi (~3-5MB) with ctypes for monitor names (EnumDisplayDevicesW)
  and camera names (SetupAPI). Zero external dependency.
- Migrate cv2.resize/imencode/LUT to Pillow/numpy in 5 files (filters,
  preview helpers, kc_target_processor). OpenCV only needed for camera
  and video stream now.
- Fix DefWindowProcW ctypes overflow on 64-bit Python (pre-existing bug
  in platform_detector display power listener).
- Fix openLightbox import in streams-capture-templates.ts (was using
  broken window cast instead of direct import).
- Add mandatory data migration policy to CLAUDE.md after silent data
  loss incident from storage file rename without migration.

CLAUDE.md

@@ -48,6 +48,21 @@ Use `TODO.md` in the project root as the primary task tracker. **Do NOT use the
 
 **Use context7 MCP tools for library/framework documentation lookups** (FastAPI, OpenCV, Pydantic, yt-dlp, etc.) instead of relying on potentially outdated training data.
 
+## Data Migration Policy (CRITICAL)
+
+**NEVER rename a storage file path, store key, entity ID prefix, or JSON field name without writing a migration.** User data lives in JSON files under `data/`. If the code starts reading from a new filename while the old file still has user data, THAT DATA IS SILENTLY LOST.
+
+When renaming any storage-related identifier:
+1. **Add migration logic in `BaseJsonStore.__init__`** (or the specific store) that detects the old file/key and migrates data to the new name automatically on startup
+2. **Log a clear warning** when migration happens so the user knows
+3. **Keep the old file as a backup** after migration (rename to `.migrated` or similar)
+4. **Test the migration** with both old-format and new-format data files
+5. **Document the migration** in the commit message
+
+This applies to: file paths in `StorageConfig`, JSON root keys (e.g. `picture_targets` → `output_targets`), entity ID prefixes (e.g. `pt_` → `ot_`), and any field renames in dataclass models.
+
+**Incident context:** A past rename of `picture_targets.json` → `output_targets.json` was done without migration. The app created a new empty `output_targets.json` while the user's 7 targets sat unread in the old file. Data was silently lost.
+
 ## General Guidelines
 
 - Always test changes before marking as complete

build-dist-windows.sh

@@ -222,9 +222,12 @@ DEPS=(
 
 # Windows-only deps
 WIN_DEPS=(
-    "wmi>=1.5.1"
     "PyAudioWPatch>=0.2.12"
-    "winsdk>=1.0.0b10"
+    "winrt-Windows.UI.Notifications>=3.0.0"
+    "winrt-Windows.UI.Notifications.Management>=3.0.0"
+    "winrt-Windows.Foundation>=3.0.0"
+    "winrt-Windows.Foundation.Collections>=3.0.0"
+    "winrt-Windows.ApplicationModel>=3.0.0"
 )
 
 # Download cross-platform deps (prefer binary, allow source for pure Python)
@@ -313,8 +316,8 @@ rm -rf "$SITE_PACKAGES/numpy/_pyinstaller" 2>/dev/null || true
 # Pillow: remove unused image plugins' test data
 rm -rf "$SITE_PACKAGES/PIL/tests" 2>/dev/null || true
 
-# winsdk: remove type stubs and unused namespaces
-find "$SITE_PACKAGES/winsdk" -name "*.pyi" -delete 2>/dev/null || true
+# winrt: remove type stubs
+find "$SITE_PACKAGES/winrt" -name "*.pyi" -delete 2>/dev/null || true
 
 # Remove wled_controller if it got installed
 rm -rf "$SITE_PACKAGES"/wled_controller* "$SITE_PACKAGES"/wled*.dist-info 2>/dev/null || true

server/pyproject.toml

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ dependencies = [
     "python-dateutil>=2.9.0",
     "python-multipart>=0.0.12",
     "jinja2>=3.1.0",
-    "wmi>=1.5.1; sys_platform == 'win32'",
     "zeroconf>=0.131.0",
     "pyserial>=3.5",
     "psutil>=5.9.0",
@@ -61,9 +60,13 @@ dev = [
 camera = [
     "opencv-python-headless>=4.8.0",
 ]
-# OS notification capture
+# OS notification capture (winrt packages are ~2.5MB total vs winsdk's ~35MB)
 notifications = [
-    "winsdk>=1.0.0b10; sys_platform == 'win32'",
+    "winrt-Windows.UI.Notifications>=3.0.0; sys_platform == 'win32'",
+    "winrt-Windows.UI.Notifications.Management>=3.0.0; sys_platform == 'win32'",
+    "winrt-Windows.Foundation>=3.0.0; sys_platform == 'win32'",
+    "winrt-Windows.Foundation.Collections>=3.0.0; sys_platform == 'win32'",
+    "winrt-Windows.ApplicationModel>=3.0.0; sys_platform == 'win32'",
     "dbus-next>=0.2.3; sys_platform == 'linux'",
 ]
 # High-performance screen capture engines (Windows only)

server/src/wled_controller/api/routes/_preview_helpers.py

@@ -43,15 +43,14 @@ def _encode_jpeg(pil_image: Image.Image, quality: int = 85) -> str:
 
 def encode_preview_frame(image: np.ndarray, max_width: int = None, quality: int = 80) -> bytes:
     """Encode a numpy RGB image to JPEG bytes, optionally downscaling."""
-    import cv2
+    pil_img = Image.fromarray(image)
     if max_width and image.shape[1] > max_width:
         scale = max_width / image.shape[1]
         new_h = int(image.shape[0] * scale)
-        image = cv2.resize(image, (max_width, new_h), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
-    # RGB -> BGR for OpenCV JPEG encoding
-    bgr = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2BGR)
-    _, buf = cv2.imencode('.jpg', bgr, [cv2.IMWRITE_JPEG_QUALITY, quality])
-    return buf.tobytes()
+        pil_img = pil_img.resize((max_width, new_h), Image.LANCZOS)
+    buf = io.BytesIO()
+    pil_img.save(buf, format="JPEG", quality=quality)
+    return buf.getvalue()
 
 
 def _make_thumbnail(pil_image: Image.Image, max_width: int) -> Image.Image:

server/src/wled_controller/core/automations/platform_detector.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Platform-specific process and window detection.
 
-Windows: uses wmi for process listing, ctypes for foreground window detection.
+Windows: uses ctypes for process listing and foreground window detection.
 Non-Windows: graceful degradation (returns empty results).
 """
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class PlatformDetector:
             user32 = ctypes.windll.user32
 
             WNDPROC = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(
-                ctypes.c_long,
+                ctypes.c_ssize_t,  # LRESULT (64-bit on x64)
                 ctypes.wintypes.HWND,
                 ctypes.c_uint,
                 ctypes.wintypes.WPARAM,
@@ -60,6 +60,12 @@ class PlatformDetector:
                 0x8F, 0x24, 0xC2, 0x8D, 0x93, 0x6F, 0xDA, 0x47,
             )
 
+            user32.DefWindowProcW.argtypes = [
+                ctypes.wintypes.HWND, ctypes.c_uint,
+                ctypes.wintypes.WPARAM, ctypes.wintypes.LPARAM,
+            ]
+            user32.DefWindowProcW.restype = ctypes.c_ssize_t
+
             def wnd_proc(hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam):
                 if msg == WM_POWERBROADCAST and wparam == PBT_POWERSETTINGCHANGE:
                     try:

server/src/wled_controller/core/capture_engines/camera_engine.py

@@ -56,21 +56,115 @@ def _cv2_backend_id(backend_name: str) -> Optional[int]:
 def _get_camera_friendly_names() -> Dict[int, str]:
     """Get friendly names for cameras from OS.
 
-    On Windows, queries WMI for PnP camera devices.
-    Returns a dict mapping sequential index → friendly name.
+    On Windows, enumerates camera devices via the SetupAPI (pure ctypes,
+    no third-party dependencies).  Uses the camera device class GUID
+    ``{ca3e7ab9-b4c3-4ae6-8251-579ef933890f}``.
+
+    Returns a dict mapping sequential index to friendly name.
     """
     if platform.system() != "Windows":
         return {}
 
     try:
-        import wmi
-        c = wmi.WMI()
-        cameras = c.query(
-            "SELECT Name FROM Win32_PnPEntity WHERE PNPClass = 'Camera'"
+        import ctypes
+        from ctypes import wintypes
+
+        # ── SetupAPI types ────────────────────────────────────────
+        class GUID(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ("Data1", wintypes.DWORD),
+                ("Data2", wintypes.WORD),
+                ("Data3", wintypes.WORD),
+                ("Data4", ctypes.c_ubyte * 8),
+            ]
+
+        class SP_DEVINFO_DATA(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ("cbSize", wintypes.DWORD),
+                ("ClassGuid", GUID),
+                ("DevInst", wintypes.DWORD),
+                ("Reserved", ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_ulong)),
+            ]
+
+        setupapi = ctypes.windll.setupapi
+
+        # Camera device class GUID: {ca3e7ab9-b4c3-4ae6-8251-579ef933890f}
+        GUID_DEVCLASS_CAMERA = GUID(
+            0xCA3E7AB9, 0xB4C3, 0x4AE6,
+            (ctypes.c_ubyte * 8)(0x82, 0x51, 0x57, 0x9E, 0xF9, 0x33, 0x89, 0x0F),
         )
-        return {i: cam.Name for i, cam in enumerate(cameras)}
+
+        DIGCF_PRESENT = 0x00000002
+        SPDRP_FRIENDLYNAME = 0x0000000C
+        SPDRP_DEVICEDESC = 0x00000000
+        INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = ctypes.c_void_p(-1).value
+
+        # SetupDiGetClassDevsW → HDEVINFO
+        setupapi.SetupDiGetClassDevsW.restype = ctypes.c_void_p
+        setupapi.SetupDiGetClassDevsW.argtypes = [
+            ctypes.POINTER(GUID), ctypes.c_wchar_p,
+            ctypes.c_void_p, wintypes.DWORD,
+        ]
+
+        # SetupDiEnumDeviceInfo → BOOL
+        setupapi.SetupDiEnumDeviceInfo.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+        setupapi.SetupDiEnumDeviceInfo.argtypes = [
+            ctypes.c_void_p, wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.POINTER(SP_DEVINFO_DATA),
+        ]
+
+        # SetupDiGetDeviceRegistryPropertyW → BOOL
+        setupapi.SetupDiGetDeviceRegistryPropertyW.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+        setupapi.SetupDiGetDeviceRegistryPropertyW.argtypes = [
+            ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.POINTER(SP_DEVINFO_DATA),
+            wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+            ctypes.c_void_p, wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+        ]
+
+        # SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList → BOOL
+        setupapi.SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+        setupapi.SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList.argtypes = [ctypes.c_void_p]
+
+        # ── Enumerate cameras ─────────────────────────────────────
+        hdevinfo = setupapi.SetupDiGetClassDevsW(
+            ctypes.byref(GUID_DEVCLASS_CAMERA), None, None, DIGCF_PRESENT,
+        )
+        if hdevinfo == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE:
+            return {}
+
+        cameras: Dict[int, str] = {}
+        idx = 0
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                devinfo = SP_DEVINFO_DATA()
+                devinfo.cbSize = ctypes.sizeof(SP_DEVINFO_DATA)
+
+                if not setupapi.SetupDiEnumDeviceInfo(hdevinfo, idx, ctypes.byref(devinfo)):
+                    break  # ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS
+
+                # Try SPDRP_FRIENDLYNAME first, fall back to SPDRP_DEVICEDESC
+                name = None
+                buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(256)
+                buf_size = wintypes.DWORD(ctypes.sizeof(buf))
+
+                for prop in (SPDRP_FRIENDLYNAME, SPDRP_DEVICEDESC):
+                    if setupapi.SetupDiGetDeviceRegistryPropertyW(
+                        hdevinfo, ctypes.byref(devinfo), prop,
+                        None, buf, buf_size, None,
+                    ):
+                        name = buf.value.strip()
+                        if name:
+                            break
+
+                cameras[idx] = name if name else f"Camera {idx}"
+                idx += 1
+        finally:
+            setupapi.SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList(hdevinfo)
+
+        return cameras
+
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug(f"WMI camera enumeration failed: {e}")
+        logger.debug(f"SetupAPI camera enumeration failed: {e}")
         return {}
 
 

server/src/wled_controller/core/filters/color_correction.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 import math
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
-import cv2
 import numpy as np
 
 from wled_controller.core.filters.base import FilterOptionDef, PostprocessingFilter
@@ -69,12 +68,12 @@ class ColorCorrectionFilter(PostprocessingFilter):
         g_mult = (tg / _REF_G) * gg
         b_mult = (tb / _REF_B) * bg
 
-        # Build merged (256, 1, 3) LUT for single-pass cv2.LUT
+        # Build merged (256, 3) LUT for single-pass numpy fancy-index lookup
         src = np.arange(256, dtype=np.float32)
         lut_r = np.clip(src * r_mult, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)
         lut_g = np.clip(src * g_mult, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)
         lut_b = np.clip(src * b_mult, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)
-        self._lut = np.stack([lut_r, lut_g, lut_b], axis=-1).reshape(256, 1, 3)
+        self._lut = np.stack([lut_r, lut_g, lut_b], axis=-1)  # (256, 3)
 
         self._is_neutral = (temp == 6500 and rg == 1.0 and gg == 1.0 and bg == 1.0)
 
@@ -122,5 +121,5 @@ class ColorCorrectionFilter(PostprocessingFilter):
     def process_image(self, image: np.ndarray, image_pool: ImagePool) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
         if self._is_neutral:
             return None
-        cv2.LUT(image, self._lut, dst=image)
+        image[:] = self._lut[image]
         return None

server/src/wled_controller/core/filters/downscaler.py

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from typing import List, Optional
 
-import cv2
 import numpy as np
+from PIL import Image
 
 from wled_controller.core.filters.base import FilterOptionDef, PostprocessingFilter
 from wled_controller.core.filters.image_pool import ImagePool
@@ -44,7 +44,8 @@ class DownscalerFilter(PostprocessingFilter):
         if new_h == h and new_w == w:
             return None
 
-        downscaled = cv2.resize(image, (new_w, new_h), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
+        pil_img = Image.fromarray(image)
+        downscaled = np.array(pil_img.resize((new_w, new_h), Image.LANCZOS))
 
         result = image_pool.acquire(new_h, new_w, image.shape[2] if image.ndim == 3 else 3)
         np.copyto(result, downscaled)

server/src/wled_controller/core/filters/pixelate.py

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 
 from typing import List, Optional
 
-import cv2
 import numpy as np
+from PIL import Image
 
 from wled_controller.core.filters.base import FilterOptionDef, PostprocessingFilter
 from wled_controller.core.filters.image_pool import ImagePool
@@ -42,8 +42,9 @@ class PixelateFilter(PostprocessingFilter):
         # vectorized C++ instead of per-block Python loop
         small_w = max(1, w // block_size)
         small_h = max(1, h // block_size)
-        small = cv2.resize(image, (small_w, small_h), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
-        pixelated = cv2.resize(small, (w, h), interpolation=cv2.INTER_NEAREST)
+        pil_img = Image.fromarray(image)
+        small = pil_img.resize((small_w, small_h), Image.LANCZOS)
+        pixelated = np.array(small.resize((w, h), Image.NEAREST))
         np.copyto(image, pixelated)
 
         return None

server/src/wled_controller/core/processing/kc_target_processor.py

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ import time
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
-import cv2
 import numpy as np
+from PIL import Image
 
 from wled_controller.core.processing.live_stream import LiveStream
 from wled_controller.core.capture.screen_capture import (
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ def _process_kc_frame(capture, rect_names, rect_bounds, calc_fn, prev_colors_arr
     t0 = time.perf_counter()
 
     # Downsample to working resolution — 144x fewer pixels at 1080p
-    small = cv2.resize(capture.image, KC_WORK_SIZE, interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
+    pil_img = Image.fromarray(capture.image)
+    small = np.array(pil_img.resize(KC_WORK_SIZE, Image.LANCZOS))
 
     # Extract colors for each rectangle from the small image
     n = len(rect_names)

server/src/wled_controller/core/processing/os_notification_listener.py

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ instances when new notifications appear.  Sources with os_listener=True are
 monitored.
 
 Supported platforms:
-- **Windows**: polls toast notifications via winsdk UserNotificationListener
+- **Windows**: polls toast notifications via winrt UserNotificationListener
+  (falls back to winsdk if winrt packages are not installed)
 - **Linux**: monitors org.freedesktop.Notifications via D-Bus (dbus-next)
 """
 
@@ -33,8 +34,34 @@ def get_os_notification_listener() -> Optional["OsNotificationListener"]:
 
 # ── Platform backends ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+def _import_winrt_notifications():
+    """Try to import WinRT notification APIs: winrt first, then winsdk fallback.
+
+    Returns (UserNotificationListener, UserNotificationListenerAccessStatus,
+    NotificationKinds, backend_name) or raises ImportError.
+    """
+    # Preferred: lightweight winrt packages (~1MB total)
+    try:
+        from winrt.windows.ui.notifications.management import (
+            UserNotificationListener,
+            UserNotificationListenerAccessStatus,
+        )
+        from winrt.windows.ui.notifications import NotificationKinds
+        return UserNotificationListener, UserNotificationListenerAccessStatus, NotificationKinds, "winrt"
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    # Fallback: winsdk (~35MB, may already be installed)
+    from winsdk.windows.ui.notifications.management import (
+        UserNotificationListener,
+        UserNotificationListenerAccessStatus,
+    )
+    from winsdk.windows.ui.notifications import NotificationKinds
+    return UserNotificationListener, UserNotificationListenerAccessStatus, NotificationKinds, "winsdk"
+
+
 class _WindowsBackend:
-    """Polls Windows toast notifications via winsdk."""
+    """Polls Windows toast notifications via winrt (preferred) or winsdk."""
 
     def __init__(self, on_notification):
         self._on_notification = on_notification
@@ -48,21 +75,22 @@ class _WindowsBackend:
         if platform.system() != "Windows":
             return False
         try:
-            from winsdk.windows.ui.notifications.management import (
-                UserNotificationListener,
-                UserNotificationListenerAccessStatus,
-            )
-            listener = UserNotificationListener.current
+            UNL, AccessStatus, _NK, backend = _import_winrt_notifications()
+            listener = UNL.current
             status = listener.get_access_status()
-            if status != UserNotificationListenerAccessStatus.ALLOWED:
+            if status != AccessStatus.ALLOWED:
                 logger.warning(
                     f"OS notification listener: access denied (status={status}). "
                     "Enable notification access in Windows Settings > Privacy > Notifications."
                 )
                 return False
+            logger.info(f"OS notification listener: using {backend} backend")
             return True
         except ImportError:
-            logger.info("OS notification listener: winsdk not installed, skipping")
+            logger.info(
+                "OS notification listener: neither winrt nor winsdk installed, skipping. "
+                "Install with: pip install winrt-Windows.UI.Notifications winrt-Windows.UI.Notifications.Management"
+            )
             return False
         except Exception as e:
             logger.warning(f"OS notification listener: Windows init error: {e}")
@@ -84,10 +112,8 @@ class _WindowsBackend:
             self._thread = None
 
     def _poll_loop(self) -> None:
-        from winsdk.windows.ui.notifications.management import UserNotificationListener
-        from winsdk.windows.ui.notifications import NotificationKinds
-
-        listener = UserNotificationListener.current
+        UNL, _AccessStatus, NotificationKinds, _backend = _import_winrt_notifications()
+        listener = UNL.current
         loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
 
         async def _get_notifications():

server/src/wled_controller/static/js/features/streams-capture-templates.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 import { API_BASE, getHeaders, fetchWithAuth, escapeHtml } from '../core/api.ts';
 import { t } from '../core/i18n.ts';
 import { Modal } from '../core/modal.ts';
-import { showToast, showConfirm, showOverlaySpinner, hideOverlaySpinner, updateOverlayPreview, setupBackdropClose } from '../core/ui.ts';
+import { showToast, showConfirm, openLightbox, showOverlaySpinner, hideOverlaySpinner, updateOverlayPreview, setupBackdropClose } from '../core/ui.ts';
 import { openDisplayPicker, formatDisplayLabel } from './displays.ts';
 import {
     getEngineIcon,
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ export function _runTestViaWS(wsPath: string, queryParams: any = {}, firstMessag
             } else if (msg.type === 'result') {
                 gotResult = true;
                 hideOverlaySpinner();
-                (window as any).openLightbox(msg.full_image, buildTestStatsHtml(msg));
+                openLightbox(msg.full_image, buildTestStatsHtml(msg));
                 ws.close();
             } else if (msg.type === 'error') {
                 hideOverlaySpinner();

server/src/wled_controller/utils/monitor_names.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 """Utility functions for retrieving friendly monitor/display names."""
 
+import ctypes
 import sys
 from typing import Dict
 
@@ -11,7 +12,8 @@ logger = get_logger(__name__)
 def get_monitor_names() -> Dict[int, str]:
     """Get friendly names for connected monitors.
 
-    On Windows, attempts to retrieve monitor names from WMI.
+    On Windows, enumerates display adapters and their monitors via
+    ``EnumDisplayDevicesW`` (pure ctypes, no third-party dependencies).
     On other platforms, returns empty dict (will fall back to generic names).
 
     Returns:
@@ -22,47 +24,68 @@ def get_monitor_names() -> Dict[int, str]:
         return {}
 
     try:
-        import wmi
+        from ctypes import wintypes
 
-        w = wmi.WMI(namespace="wmi")
-        monitors = w.WmiMonitorID()
+        class DISPLAY_DEVICEW(ctypes.Structure):
+            _fields_ = [
+                ("cb", wintypes.DWORD),
+                ("DeviceName", ctypes.c_wchar * 32),
+                ("DeviceString", ctypes.c_wchar * 128),
+                ("StateFlags", wintypes.DWORD),
+                ("DeviceID", ctypes.c_wchar * 128),
+                ("DeviceKey", ctypes.c_wchar * 128),
+            ]
 
-        monitor_names = {}
+        user32 = ctypes.windll.user32
 
-        for idx, monitor in enumerate(monitors):
-            try:
-                # Extract manufacturer name
-                manufacturer = ""
-                if monitor.ManufacturerName:
-                    manufacturer = "".join(chr(c) for c in monitor.ManufacturerName if c != 0)
+        DISPLAY_DEVICE_ACTIVE = 0x00000001
+        DISPLAY_DEVICE_ATTACHED_TO_DESKTOP = 0x00000002
 
-                # Extract user-friendly name
-                user_name = ""
-                if monitor.UserFriendlyName:
-                    user_name = "".join(chr(c) for c in monitor.UserFriendlyName if c != 0)
+        monitor_names: Dict[int, str] = {}
+        monitor_idx = 0
 
-                # Build friendly name
-                if user_name:
-                    friendly_name = user_name.strip()
-                elif manufacturer:
-                    friendly_name = f"{manufacturer.strip()} Monitor"
-                else:
-                    friendly_name = f"Display {idx}"
+        # Enumerate display adapters (GPUs / virtual outputs)
+        adapter_idx = 0
+        while adapter_idx < 16:  # safety limit
+            adapter = DISPLAY_DEVICEW()
+            adapter.cb = ctypes.sizeof(DISPLAY_DEVICEW)
 
-                monitor_names[idx] = friendly_name
-                logger.debug(f"Monitor {idx}: {friendly_name}")
+            if not user32.EnumDisplayDevicesW(None, adapter_idx, ctypes.byref(adapter), 0):
+                break
+            adapter_idx += 1
 
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.debug(f"Failed to parse monitor {idx} name: {e}")
-                monitor_names[idx] = f"Display {idx}"
+            # Skip adapters not attached to the desktop
+            if not (adapter.StateFlags & DISPLAY_DEVICE_ATTACHED_TO_DESKTOP):
+                continue
+
+            # Enumerate monitors attached to this adapter
+            child_idx = 0
+            while child_idx < 16:  # safety limit
+                monitor = DISPLAY_DEVICEW()
+                monitor.cb = ctypes.sizeof(DISPLAY_DEVICEW)
+
+                if not user32.EnumDisplayDevicesW(
+                    adapter.DeviceName, child_idx, ctypes.byref(monitor), 0
+                ):
+                    break
+                child_idx += 1
+
+                if not (monitor.StateFlags & DISPLAY_DEVICE_ACTIVE):
+                    continue
+
+                # DeviceString contains the friendly name (e.g. "DELL U2718Q")
+                friendly_name = monitor.DeviceString.strip()
+                if not friendly_name:
+                    friendly_name = f"Display {monitor_idx}"
+
+                monitor_names[monitor_idx] = friendly_name
+                logger.debug(f"Monitor {monitor_idx}: {friendly_name}")
+                monitor_idx += 1
 
         return monitor_names
 
-    except ImportError:
-        logger.debug("WMI library not available - install with: pip install wmi")
-        return {}
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.debug(f"Failed to retrieve monitor names via WMI: {e}")
+        logger.debug(f"Failed to retrieve monitor names via EnumDisplayDevices: {e}")
         return {}