Refactor capture engine architecture, rename PictureStream to PictureSource, and split API modules

- Separate CaptureEngine into stateless factory + stateful CaptureStream session
- Add LiveStream/LiveStreamManager for shared capture with reference counting
- Rename PictureStream to PictureSource across storage, API, and UI
- Remove legacy migration logic and unused compatibility code
- Split monolithic routes.py (1935 lines) into 5 focused route modules
- Split schemas.py (480 lines) into 7 schema modules with re-exports
- Extract dependency injection into dedicated dependencies.py

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

server/src/wled_controller/api/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,18 @@
 """API routes and schemas."""
 
-from .routes import router
+from fastapi import APIRouter
+
+from .routes.system import router as system_router
+from .routes.devices import router as devices_router
+from .routes.templates import router as templates_router
+from .routes.postprocessing import router as postprocessing_router
+from .routes.picture_sources import router as picture_sources_router
+
+router = APIRouter()
+router.include_router(system_router)
+router.include_router(devices_router)
+router.include_router(templates_router)
+router.include_router(postprocessing_router)
+router.include_router(picture_sources_router)
 
 __all__ = ["router"]

server/src/wled_controller/api/dependencies.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+"""Dependency injection for API routes."""
+
+from wled_controller.core.processor_manager import ProcessorManager
+from wled_controller.storage import DeviceStore
+from wled_controller.storage.template_store import TemplateStore
+from wled_controller.storage.postprocessing_template_store import PostprocessingTemplateStore
+from wled_controller.storage.picture_source_store import PictureSourceStore
+
+# Global instances (initialized in main.py)
+_device_store: DeviceStore | None = None
+_template_store: TemplateStore | None = None
+_pp_template_store: PostprocessingTemplateStore | None = None
+_picture_source_store: PictureSourceStore | None = None
+_processor_manager: ProcessorManager | None = None
+
+
+def get_device_store() -> DeviceStore:
+    """Get device store dependency."""
+    if _device_store is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("Device store not initialized")
+    return _device_store
+
+
+def get_template_store() -> TemplateStore:
+    """Get template store dependency."""
+    if _template_store is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("Template store not initialized")
+    return _template_store
+
+
+def get_pp_template_store() -> PostprocessingTemplateStore:
+    """Get postprocessing template store dependency."""
+    if _pp_template_store is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("Postprocessing template store not initialized")
+    return _pp_template_store
+
+
+def get_picture_source_store() -> PictureSourceStore:
+    """Get picture source store dependency."""
+    if _picture_source_store is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("Picture source store not initialized")
+    return _picture_source_store
+
+
+def get_processor_manager() -> ProcessorManager:
+    """Get processor manager dependency."""
+    if _processor_manager is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("Processor manager not initialized")
+    return _processor_manager
+
+
+def init_dependencies(
+    device_store: DeviceStore,
+    template_store: TemplateStore,
+    processor_manager: ProcessorManager,
+    pp_template_store: PostprocessingTemplateStore | None = None,
+    picture_source_store: PictureSourceStore | None = None,
+):
+    """Initialize global dependencies."""
+    global _device_store, _template_store, _processor_manager, _pp_template_store, _picture_source_store
+    _device_store = device_store
+    _template_store = template_store
+    _processor_manager = processor_manager
+    _pp_template_store = pp_template_store
+    _picture_source_store = picture_source_store

server/src/wled_controller/api/routes/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""API route modules."""

server/src/wled_controller/api/routes/devices.py

@@ -0,0 +1,663 @@
+"""Device routes: CRUD, processing control, settings, brightness, calibration, metrics."""
+
+from datetime import datetime
+
+import httpx
+from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Depends
+
+from wled_controller.api.auth import AuthRequired
+from wled_controller.api.dependencies import (
+    get_device_store,
+    get_processor_manager,
+)
+from wled_controller.api.schemas.devices import (
+    Calibration as CalibrationSchema,
+    CalibrationTestModeRequest,
+    CalibrationTestModeResponse,
+    DeviceCreate,
+    DeviceListResponse,
+    DeviceResponse,
+    DeviceUpdate,
+    MetricsResponse,
+    ProcessingSettings as ProcessingSettingsSchema,
+    ProcessingState,
+)
+from wled_controller.core.calibration import (
+    calibration_from_dict,
+    calibration_to_dict,
+)
+from wled_controller.core.processor_manager import ProcessorManager, ProcessingSettings
+from wled_controller.storage import DeviceStore
+from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+# ===== DEVICE MANAGEMENT ENDPOINTS =====
+
+@router.post("/api/v1/devices", response_model=DeviceResponse, tags=["Devices"], status_code=201)
+async def create_device(
+    device_data: DeviceCreate,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Create and attach a new WLED device."""
+    try:
+        logger.info(f"Creating device: {device_data.name}")
+
+        # Validate WLED device is reachable before adding
+        device_url = device_data.url.rstrip("/")
+        try:
+            async with httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=5) as client:
+                response = await client.get(f"{device_url}/json/info")
+                response.raise_for_status()
+                wled_info = response.json()
+                wled_led_count = wled_info.get("leds", {}).get("count")
+                if not wled_led_count or wled_led_count < 1:
+                    raise HTTPException(
+                        status_code=422,
+                        detail=f"WLED device at {device_url} reported invalid LED count: {wled_led_count}"
+                    )
+                logger.info(
+                    f"WLED device reachable: {wled_info.get('name', 'Unknown')} "
+                    f"v{wled_info.get('ver', '?')} ({wled_led_count} LEDs)"
+                )
+        except httpx.ConnectError:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=422,
+                detail=f"Cannot reach WLED device at {device_url}. Check the URL and ensure the device is powered on."
+            )
+        except httpx.TimeoutException:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=422,
+                detail=f"Connection to {device_url} timed out. Check network connectivity."
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=422,
+                detail=f"Failed to connect to WLED device at {device_url}: {e}"
+            )
+
+        # Create device in storage (LED count auto-detected from WLED)
+        device = store.create_device(
+            name=device_data.name,
+            url=device_data.url,
+            led_count=wled_led_count,
+        )
+
+        # Add to processor manager
+        manager.add_device(
+            device_id=device.id,
+            device_url=device.url,
+            led_count=device.led_count,
+            settings=device.settings,
+            calibration=device.calibration,
+        )
+
+        return DeviceResponse(
+            id=device.id,
+            name=device.name,
+            url=device.url,
+            led_count=device.led_count,
+            enabled=device.enabled,
+            status="disconnected",
+            settings=ProcessingSettingsSchema(
+                display_index=device.settings.display_index,
+                fps=device.settings.fps,
+                border_width=device.settings.border_width,
+                interpolation_mode=device.settings.interpolation_mode,
+                brightness=device.settings.brightness,
+                smoothing=device.settings.smoothing,
+                state_check_interval=device.settings.state_check_interval,
+            ),
+            calibration=CalibrationSchema(**calibration_to_dict(device.calibration)),
+            picture_source_id=device.picture_source_id,
+            created_at=device.created_at,
+            updated_at=device.updated_at,
+        )
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to create device: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/devices", response_model=DeviceListResponse, tags=["Devices"])
+async def list_devices(
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+):
+    """List all attached WLED devices."""
+    try:
+        devices = store.get_all_devices()
+
+        device_responses = [
+            DeviceResponse(
+                id=device.id,
+                name=device.name,
+                url=device.url,
+                led_count=device.led_count,
+                enabled=device.enabled,
+                status="disconnected",
+                settings=ProcessingSettingsSchema(
+                    display_index=device.settings.display_index,
+                    fps=device.settings.fps,
+                    border_width=device.settings.border_width,
+                    interpolation_mode=device.settings.interpolation_mode,
+                    brightness=device.settings.brightness,
+                    smoothing=device.settings.smoothing,
+                    state_check_interval=device.settings.state_check_interval,
+                ),
+                calibration=CalibrationSchema(**calibration_to_dict(device.calibration)),
+                picture_source_id=device.picture_source_id,
+                created_at=device.created_at,
+                updated_at=device.updated_at,
+            )
+            for device in devices
+        ]
+
+        return DeviceListResponse(devices=device_responses, count=len(device_responses))
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to list devices: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}", response_model=DeviceResponse, tags=["Devices"])
+async def get_device(
+    device_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Get device details by ID."""
+    device = store.get_device(device_id)
+    if not device:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Device {device_id} not found")
+
+    # Determine status
+    status = "connected" if manager.is_processing(device_id) else "disconnected"
+
+    return DeviceResponse(
+        id=device.id,
+        name=device.name,
+        url=device.url,
+        led_count=device.led_count,
+        enabled=device.enabled,
+        status=status,
+        settings=ProcessingSettingsSchema(
+            display_index=device.settings.display_index,
+            fps=device.settings.fps,
+            border_width=device.settings.border_width,
+            interpolation_mode=device.settings.interpolation_mode,
+            brightness=device.settings.brightness,
+            smoothing=device.settings.smoothing,
+            state_check_interval=device.settings.state_check_interval,
+        ),
+        calibration=CalibrationSchema(**calibration_to_dict(device.calibration)),
+        picture_source_id=device.picture_source_id,
+        created_at=device.created_at,
+        updated_at=device.updated_at,
+    )
+
+
+@router.put("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}", response_model=DeviceResponse, tags=["Devices"])
+async def update_device(
+    device_id: str,
+    update_data: DeviceUpdate,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Update device information."""
+    try:
+        # Check if stream changed and device is processing (for hot-swap)
+        old_device = store.get_device(device_id)
+        stream_changed = (
+            update_data.picture_source_id is not None
+            and update_data.picture_source_id != old_device.picture_source_id
+        )
+        was_processing = manager.is_processing(device_id)
+
+        # Update device
+        device = store.update_device(
+            device_id=device_id,
+            name=update_data.name,
+            url=update_data.url,
+            enabled=update_data.enabled,
+            picture_source_id=update_data.picture_source_id,
+        )
+
+        # Sync processor state when stream changed
+        if stream_changed:
+            if was_processing:
+                # Hot-swap: restart with new settings
+                logger.info(f"Hot-swapping stream for device {device_id}")
+                try:
+                    await manager.stop_processing(device_id)
+                    manager.remove_device(device_id)
+                    manager.add_device(
+                        device_id=device.id,
+                        device_url=device.url,
+                        led_count=device.led_count,
+                        settings=device.settings,
+                        calibration=device.calibration,
+                        picture_source_id=device.picture_source_id,
+                    )
+                    await manager.start_processing(device_id)
+                    logger.info(f"Successfully hot-swapped stream for device {device_id}")
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.error(f"Error during stream hot-swap: {e}")
+            else:
+                # Not processing -- update processor state so next start uses new values
+                manager.remove_device(device_id)
+                manager.add_device(
+                    device_id=device.id,
+                    device_url=device.url,
+                    led_count=device.led_count,
+                    settings=device.settings,
+                    calibration=device.calibration,
+                    picture_source_id=device.picture_source_id,
+                )
+
+        return DeviceResponse(
+            id=device.id,
+            name=device.name,
+            url=device.url,
+            led_count=device.led_count,
+            enabled=device.enabled,
+            status="disconnected",
+            settings=ProcessingSettingsSchema(
+                display_index=device.settings.display_index,
+                fps=device.settings.fps,
+                border_width=device.settings.border_width,
+                interpolation_mode=device.settings.interpolation_mode,
+                brightness=device.settings.brightness,
+                smoothing=device.settings.smoothing,
+                state_check_interval=device.settings.state_check_interval,
+            ),
+            calibration=CalibrationSchema(**calibration_to_dict(device.calibration)),
+            picture_source_id=device.picture_source_id,
+            created_at=device.created_at,
+            updated_at=device.updated_at,
+        )
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to update device: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.delete("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}", status_code=204, tags=["Devices"])
+async def delete_device(
+    device_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Delete/detach a device."""
+    try:
+        # Stop processing if running
+        if manager.is_processing(device_id):
+            await manager.stop_processing(device_id)
+
+        # Remove from manager
+        manager.remove_device(device_id)
+
+        # Delete from storage
+        store.delete_device(device_id)
+
+        logger.info(f"Deleted device {device_id}")
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to delete device: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+# ===== PROCESSING CONTROL ENDPOINTS =====
+
+@router.post("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/start", tags=["Processing"])
+async def start_processing(
+    device_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Start screen processing for a device."""
+    try:
+        # Verify device exists
+        device = store.get_device(device_id)
+        if not device:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Device {device_id} not found")
+
+        await manager.start_processing(device_id)
+
+        logger.info(f"Started processing for device {device_id}")
+        return {"status": "started", "device_id": device_id}
+
+    except RuntimeError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to start processing: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.post("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/stop", tags=["Processing"])
+async def stop_processing(
+    device_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Stop screen processing for a device."""
+    try:
+        await manager.stop_processing(device_id)
+
+        logger.info(f"Stopped processing for device {device_id}")
+        return {"status": "stopped", "device_id": device_id}
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to stop processing: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/state", response_model=ProcessingState, tags=["Processing"])
+async def get_processing_state(
+    device_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Get current processing state for a device."""
+    try:
+        state = manager.get_state(device_id)
+        return ProcessingState(**state)
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to get state: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+# ===== SETTINGS ENDPOINTS =====
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/settings", response_model=ProcessingSettingsSchema, tags=["Settings"])
+async def get_settings(
+    device_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+):
+    """Get processing settings for a device."""
+    device = store.get_device(device_id)
+    if not device:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Device {device_id} not found")
+
+    return ProcessingSettingsSchema(
+        display_index=device.settings.display_index,
+        fps=device.settings.fps,
+        border_width=device.settings.border_width,
+        interpolation_mode=device.settings.interpolation_mode,
+        brightness=device.settings.brightness,
+        smoothing=device.settings.smoothing,
+        state_check_interval=device.settings.state_check_interval,
+    )
+
+
+@router.put("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/settings", response_model=ProcessingSettingsSchema, tags=["Settings"])
+async def update_settings(
+    device_id: str,
+    settings: ProcessingSettingsSchema,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Update processing settings for a device.
+
+    Merges with existing settings so callers can send partial updates.
+    Only fields explicitly included in the request body are applied.
+    """
+    try:
+        # Get existing device to merge settings
+        device = store.get_device(device_id)
+        if not device:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Device {device_id} not found")
+
+        existing = device.settings
+        sent = settings.model_fields_set  # fields the client actually sent
+
+        # Merge: only override fields the client explicitly provided
+        new_settings = ProcessingSettings(
+            display_index=settings.display_index if 'display_index' in sent else existing.display_index,
+            fps=settings.fps if 'fps' in sent else existing.fps,
+            border_width=settings.border_width if 'border_width' in sent else existing.border_width,
+            interpolation_mode=settings.interpolation_mode if 'interpolation_mode' in sent else existing.interpolation_mode,
+            brightness=settings.brightness if 'brightness' in sent else existing.brightness,
+            gamma=existing.gamma,
+            saturation=existing.saturation,
+            smoothing=settings.smoothing if 'smoothing' in sent else existing.smoothing,
+            state_check_interval=settings.state_check_interval if 'state_check_interval' in sent else existing.state_check_interval,
+        )
+
+        # Apply color_correction fields if explicitly sent
+        if 'color_correction' in sent and settings.color_correction:
+            cc_sent = settings.color_correction.model_fields_set
+            if 'brightness' in cc_sent:
+                new_settings.brightness = settings.color_correction.brightness
+            if 'gamma' in cc_sent:
+                new_settings.gamma = settings.color_correction.gamma
+            if 'saturation' in cc_sent:
+                new_settings.saturation = settings.color_correction.saturation
+
+        # Update in storage
+        device = store.update_device(device_id, settings=new_settings)
+
+        # Update in manager if device exists
+        try:
+            manager.update_settings(device_id, new_settings)
+        except ValueError:
+            # Device not in manager yet, that's ok
+            pass
+
+        return ProcessingSettingsSchema(
+            display_index=device.settings.display_index,
+            fps=device.settings.fps,
+            border_width=device.settings.border_width,
+            interpolation_mode=device.settings.interpolation_mode,
+            brightness=device.settings.brightness,
+            smoothing=device.settings.smoothing,
+            state_check_interval=device.settings.state_check_interval,
+        )
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to update settings: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+# ===== WLED BRIGHTNESS ENDPOINT =====
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/brightness", tags=["Settings"])
+async def get_device_brightness(
+    device_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+):
+    """Get current brightness from the WLED device."""
+    device = store.get_device(device_id)
+    if not device:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Device {device_id} not found")
+
+    try:
+        async with httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=5.0) as http_client:
+            resp = await http_client.get(f"{device.url}/json/state")
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            state = resp.json()
+            bri = state.get("bri", 255)
+            return {"brightness": bri}
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to get WLED brightness for {device_id}: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=502, detail=f"Failed to reach WLED device: {e}")
+
+
+@router.put("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/brightness", tags=["Settings"])
+async def set_device_brightness(
+    device_id: str,
+    body: dict,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+):
+    """Set brightness on the WLED device directly."""
+    device = store.get_device(device_id)
+    if not device:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Device {device_id} not found")
+
+    bri = body.get("brightness")
+    if bri is None or not isinstance(bri, int) or not 0 <= bri <= 255:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="brightness must be an integer 0-255")
+
+    try:
+        async with httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=5.0) as http_client:
+            resp = await http_client.post(
+                f"{device.url}/json/state",
+                json={"bri": bri},
+            )
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            return {"brightness": bri}
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to set WLED brightness for {device_id}: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=502, detail=f"Failed to reach WLED device: {e}")
+
+
+# ===== CALIBRATION ENDPOINTS =====
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/calibration", response_model=CalibrationSchema, tags=["Calibration"])
+async def get_calibration(
+    device_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+):
+    """Get calibration configuration for a device."""
+    device = store.get_device(device_id)
+    if not device:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Device {device_id} not found")
+
+    return CalibrationSchema(**calibration_to_dict(device.calibration))
+
+
+@router.put("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/calibration", response_model=CalibrationSchema, tags=["Calibration"])
+async def update_calibration(
+    device_id: str,
+    calibration_data: CalibrationSchema,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Update calibration configuration for a device."""
+    try:
+        # Convert schema to CalibrationConfig
+        calibration_dict = calibration_data.model_dump()
+        calibration = calibration_from_dict(calibration_dict)
+
+        # Update in storage
+        device = store.update_device(device_id, calibration=calibration)
+
+        # Update in manager if device exists
+        try:
+            manager.update_calibration(device_id, calibration)
+        except ValueError:
+            # Device not in manager yet, that's ok
+            pass
+
+        return CalibrationSchema(**calibration_to_dict(device.calibration))
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to update calibration: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.put(
+    "/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/calibration/test",
+    response_model=CalibrationTestModeResponse,
+    tags=["Calibration"],
+)
+async def set_calibration_test_mode(
+    device_id: str,
+    body: CalibrationTestModeRequest,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Toggle calibration test mode for specific edges.
+
+    Send edges with colors to light them up, or empty edges dict to exit test mode.
+    While test mode is active, screen capture processing is paused.
+    """
+    try:
+        device = store.get_device(device_id)
+        if not device:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Device {device_id} not found")
+
+        # Validate edge names and colors
+        valid_edges = {"top", "right", "bottom", "left"}
+        for edge_name, color in body.edges.items():
+            if edge_name not in valid_edges:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=400,
+                    detail=f"Invalid edge '{edge_name}'. Must be one of: {', '.join(valid_edges)}"
+                )
+            if len(color) != 3 or not all(0 <= c <= 255 for c in color):
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=400,
+                    detail=f"Invalid color for edge '{edge_name}'. Must be [R, G, B] with values 0-255."
+                )
+
+        await manager.set_test_mode(device_id, body.edges)
+
+        active_edges = list(body.edges.keys())
+        logger.info(
+            f"Test mode {'activated' if active_edges else 'deactivated'} "
+            f"for device {device_id}: {active_edges}"
+        )
+
+        return CalibrationTestModeResponse(
+            test_mode=len(active_edges) > 0,
+            active_edges=active_edges,
+            device_id=device_id,
+        )
+
+    except HTTPException:
+        raise
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to set test mode: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+# ===== METRICS ENDPOINTS =====
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/devices/{device_id}/metrics", response_model=MetricsResponse, tags=["Metrics"])
+async def get_metrics(
+    device_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+):
+    """Get processing metrics for a device."""
+    try:
+        metrics = manager.get_metrics(device_id)
+        return MetricsResponse(**metrics)
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to get metrics: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))

server/src/wled_controller/api/routes/picture_sources.py

@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+"""Picture source routes."""
+
+import base64
+import io
+import time
+
+import httpx
+import numpy as np
+from PIL import Image
+from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Depends, Query
+from fastapi.responses import Response
+
+from wled_controller.api.auth import AuthRequired
+from wled_controller.api.dependencies import (
+    get_device_store,
+    get_picture_source_store,
+    get_pp_template_store,
+    get_processor_manager,
+    get_template_store,
+)
+from wled_controller.api.schemas.common import (
+    CaptureImage,
+    PerformanceMetrics,
+    TemplateTestResponse,
+)
+from wled_controller.api.schemas.picture_sources import (
+    ImageValidateRequest,
+    ImageValidateResponse,
+    PictureSourceCreate,
+    PictureSourceListResponse,
+    PictureSourceResponse,
+    PictureSourceTestRequest,
+    PictureSourceUpdate,
+)
+from wled_controller.core.capture_engines import EngineRegistry
+from wled_controller.core.filters import FilterRegistry, ImagePool
+from wled_controller.core.processor_manager import ProcessorManager
+from wled_controller.storage import DeviceStore
+from wled_controller.storage.template_store import TemplateStore
+from wled_controller.storage.postprocessing_template_store import PostprocessingTemplateStore
+from wled_controller.storage.picture_source_store import PictureSourceStore
+from wled_controller.storage.picture_source import ScreenCapturePictureSource, StaticImagePictureSource
+from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+def _stream_to_response(s) -> PictureSourceResponse:
+    """Convert a PictureSource to its API response."""
+    return PictureSourceResponse(
+        id=s.id,
+        name=s.name,
+        stream_type=s.stream_type,
+        display_index=getattr(s, "display_index", None),
+        capture_template_id=getattr(s, "capture_template_id", None),
+        target_fps=getattr(s, "target_fps", None),
+        source_stream_id=getattr(s, "source_stream_id", None),
+        postprocessing_template_id=getattr(s, "postprocessing_template_id", None),
+        image_source=getattr(s, "image_source", None),
+        created_at=s.created_at,
+        updated_at=s.updated_at,
+        description=s.description,
+    )
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/picture-sources", response_model=PictureSourceListResponse, tags=["Picture Sources"])
+async def list_picture_sources(
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PictureSourceStore = Depends(get_picture_source_store),
+):
+    """List all picture sources."""
+    try:
+        streams = store.get_all_streams()
+        responses = [_stream_to_response(s) for s in streams]
+        return PictureSourceListResponse(streams=responses, count=len(responses))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to list picture sources: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.post("/api/v1/picture-sources/validate-image", response_model=ImageValidateResponse, tags=["Picture Sources"])
+async def validate_image(
+    data: ImageValidateRequest,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+):
+    """Validate an image source (URL or file path) and return a preview thumbnail."""
+    try:
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        source = data.image_source.strip()
+        if not source:
+            return ImageValidateResponse(valid=False, error="Image source is empty")
+
+        if source.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
+            async with httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=15, follow_redirects=True) as client:
+                response = await client.get(source)
+                response.raise_for_status()
+                pil_image = Image.open(io.BytesIO(response.content))
+        else:
+            path = Path(source)
+            if not path.exists():
+                return ImageValidateResponse(valid=False, error=f"File not found: {source}")
+            pil_image = Image.open(path)
+
+        pil_image = pil_image.convert("RGB")
+        width, height = pil_image.size
+
+        # Create thumbnail preview (max 320px wide)
+        thumb = pil_image.copy()
+        thumb.thumbnail((320, 320), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
+        buf = io.BytesIO()
+        thumb.save(buf, format="JPEG", quality=80)
+        buf.seek(0)
+        preview = f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{base64.b64encode(buf.getvalue()).decode()}"
+
+        return ImageValidateResponse(
+            valid=True, width=width, height=height, preview=preview
+        )
+
+    except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+        return ImageValidateResponse(valid=False, error=f"HTTP {e.response.status_code}: {e.response.reason_phrase}")
+    except httpx.RequestError as e:
+        return ImageValidateResponse(valid=False, error=f"Request failed: {e}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        return ImageValidateResponse(valid=False, error=str(e))
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/picture-sources/full-image", tags=["Picture Sources"])
+async def get_full_image(
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    source: str = Query(..., description="Image URL or local file path"),
+):
+    """Serve the full-resolution image for lightbox preview."""
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    try:
+        if source.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
+            async with httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=15, follow_redirects=True) as client:
+                response = await client.get(source)
+                response.raise_for_status()
+                pil_image = Image.open(io.BytesIO(response.content))
+        else:
+            path = Path(source)
+            if not path.exists():
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="File not found")
+            pil_image = Image.open(path)
+
+        pil_image = pil_image.convert("RGB")
+        buf = io.BytesIO()
+        pil_image.save(buf, format="JPEG", quality=90)
+        buf.seek(0)
+        return Response(content=buf.getvalue(), media_type="image/jpeg")
+
+    except HTTPException:
+        raise
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.post("/api/v1/picture-sources", response_model=PictureSourceResponse, tags=["Picture Sources"], status_code=201)
+async def create_picture_source(
+    data: PictureSourceCreate,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PictureSourceStore = Depends(get_picture_source_store),
+    template_store: TemplateStore = Depends(get_template_store),
+    pp_store: PostprocessingTemplateStore = Depends(get_pp_template_store),
+):
+    """Create a new picture source."""
+    try:
+        # Validate referenced entities
+        if data.stream_type == "raw" and data.capture_template_id:
+            try:
+                template_store.get_template(data.capture_template_id)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=400,
+                    detail=f"Capture template not found: {data.capture_template_id}",
+                )
+
+        if data.stream_type == "processed" and data.postprocessing_template_id:
+            try:
+                pp_store.get_template(data.postprocessing_template_id)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=400,
+                    detail=f"Postprocessing template not found: {data.postprocessing_template_id}",
+                )
+
+        stream = store.create_stream(
+            name=data.name,
+            stream_type=data.stream_type,
+            display_index=data.display_index,
+            capture_template_id=data.capture_template_id,
+            target_fps=data.target_fps,
+            source_stream_id=data.source_stream_id,
+            postprocessing_template_id=data.postprocessing_template_id,
+            image_source=data.image_source,
+            description=data.description,
+        )
+        return _stream_to_response(stream)
+    except HTTPException:
+        raise
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to create picture source: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/picture-sources/{stream_id}", response_model=PictureSourceResponse, tags=["Picture Sources"])
+async def get_picture_source(
+    stream_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PictureSourceStore = Depends(get_picture_source_store),
+):
+    """Get picture source by ID."""
+    try:
+        stream = store.get_stream(stream_id)
+        return _stream_to_response(stream)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Picture source {stream_id} not found")
+
+
+@router.put("/api/v1/picture-sources/{stream_id}", response_model=PictureSourceResponse, tags=["Picture Sources"])
+async def update_picture_source(
+    stream_id: str,
+    data: PictureSourceUpdate,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PictureSourceStore = Depends(get_picture_source_store),
+):
+    """Update a picture source."""
+    try:
+        stream = store.update_stream(
+            stream_id=stream_id,
+            name=data.name,
+            display_index=data.display_index,
+            capture_template_id=data.capture_template_id,
+            target_fps=data.target_fps,
+            source_stream_id=data.source_stream_id,
+            postprocessing_template_id=data.postprocessing_template_id,
+            image_source=data.image_source,
+            description=data.description,
+        )
+        return _stream_to_response(stream)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to update picture source: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.delete("/api/v1/picture-sources/{stream_id}", status_code=204, tags=["Picture Sources"])
+async def delete_picture_source(
+    stream_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PictureSourceStore = Depends(get_picture_source_store),
+    device_store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+):
+    """Delete a picture source."""
+    try:
+        # Check if any device references this stream
+        if store.is_referenced_by_device(stream_id, device_store):
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=409,
+                detail="Cannot delete picture source: it is assigned to one or more devices. "
+                       "Please reassign those devices before deleting.",
+            )
+        store.delete_stream(stream_id)
+    except HTTPException:
+        raise
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to delete picture source: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.post("/api/v1/picture-sources/{stream_id}/test", response_model=TemplateTestResponse, tags=["Picture Sources"])
+async def test_picture_source(
+    stream_id: str,
+    test_request: PictureSourceTestRequest,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PictureSourceStore = Depends(get_picture_source_store),
+    template_store: TemplateStore = Depends(get_template_store),
+    processor_manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+    device_store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+    pp_store: PostprocessingTemplateStore = Depends(get_pp_template_store),
+):
+    """Test a picture source by resolving its chain and running a capture test.
+
+    Resolves the stream chain to the raw stream, captures frames,
+    and returns preview image + performance metrics.
+    For processed streams, applies postprocessing (gamma, saturation, brightness)
+    to the preview image.
+    """
+    stream = None
+    try:
+        # Resolve stream chain
+        try:
+            chain = store.resolve_stream_chain(stream_id)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+
+        raw_stream = chain["raw_stream"]
+
+        if isinstance(raw_stream, StaticImagePictureSource):
+            # Static image stream: load image directly, no engine needed
+            from pathlib import Path
+
+            source = raw_stream.image_source
+            start_time = time.perf_counter()
+
+            if source.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
+                async with httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=15, follow_redirects=True) as client:
+                    resp = await client.get(source)
+                    resp.raise_for_status()
+                    pil_image = Image.open(io.BytesIO(resp.content)).convert("RGB")
+            else:
+                path = Path(source)
+                if not path.exists():
+                    raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"Image file not found: {source}")
+                pil_image = Image.open(path).convert("RGB")
+
+            actual_duration = time.perf_counter() - start_time
+            frame_count = 1
+            total_capture_time = actual_duration
+
+        elif isinstance(raw_stream, ScreenCapturePictureSource):
+            # Screen capture stream: use engine
+            try:
+                capture_template = template_store.get_template(raw_stream.capture_template_id)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=400,
+                    detail=f"Capture template not found: {raw_stream.capture_template_id}",
+                )
+
+            display_index = raw_stream.display_index
+
+            if capture_template.engine_type not in EngineRegistry.get_available_engines():
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=400,
+                    detail=f"Engine '{capture_template.engine_type}' is not available on this system",
+                )
+
+            locked_device_id = processor_manager.get_display_lock_info(display_index)
+            if locked_device_id:
+                try:
+                    device = device_store.get_device(locked_device_id)
+                    device_name = device.name
+                except Exception:
+                    device_name = locked_device_id
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=409,
+                    detail=f"Display {display_index} is currently being captured by device '{device_name}'. "
+                           f"Please stop the device processing before testing.",
+                )
+
+            stream = EngineRegistry.create_stream(
+                capture_template.engine_type, display_index, capture_template.engine_config
+            )
+            stream.initialize()
+
+            logger.info(f"Starting {test_request.capture_duration}s stream test for {stream_id}")
+
+            frame_count = 0
+            total_capture_time = 0.0
+            last_frame = None
+
+            start_time = time.perf_counter()
+            end_time = start_time + test_request.capture_duration
+
+            while time.perf_counter() < end_time:
+                capture_start = time.perf_counter()
+                screen_capture = stream.capture_frame()
+                capture_elapsed = time.perf_counter() - capture_start
+
+                if screen_capture is None:
+                    continue
+
+                total_capture_time += capture_elapsed
+                frame_count += 1
+                last_frame = screen_capture
+
+            actual_duration = time.perf_counter() - start_time
+
+            if last_frame is None:
+                raise RuntimeError("No frames captured during test")
+
+            if isinstance(last_frame.image, np.ndarray):
+                pil_image = Image.fromarray(last_frame.image)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Unexpected image format from engine")
+
+        # Create thumbnail
+        thumbnail_width = 640
+        aspect_ratio = pil_image.height / pil_image.width
+        thumbnail_height = int(thumbnail_width * aspect_ratio)
+        thumbnail = pil_image.copy()
+        thumbnail.thumbnail((thumbnail_width, thumbnail_height), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
+
+        # Apply postprocessing filters if this is a processed stream
+        pp_template_ids = chain["postprocessing_template_ids"]
+        if pp_template_ids:
+            try:
+                pp_template = pp_store.get_template(pp_template_ids[0])
+                pool = ImagePool()
+
+                def apply_filters(img):
+                    arr = np.array(img)
+                    for fi in pp_template.filters:
+                        f = FilterRegistry.create_instance(fi.filter_id, fi.options)
+                        result = f.process_image(arr, pool)
+                        if result is not None:
+                            arr = result
+                    return Image.fromarray(arr)
+
+                thumbnail = apply_filters(thumbnail)
+                pil_image = apply_filters(pil_image)
+            except ValueError:
+                logger.warning(f"PP template {pp_template_ids[0]} not found, skipping postprocessing preview")
+
+        # Encode thumbnail
+        img_buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        thumbnail.save(img_buffer, format='JPEG', quality=85)
+        img_buffer.seek(0)
+        thumbnail_b64 = base64.b64encode(img_buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')
+        thumbnail_data_uri = f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{thumbnail_b64}"
+
+        # Encode full-resolution image
+        full_buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        pil_image.save(full_buffer, format='JPEG', quality=90)
+        full_buffer.seek(0)
+        full_b64 = base64.b64encode(full_buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')
+        full_data_uri = f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{full_b64}"
+
+        actual_fps = frame_count / actual_duration if actual_duration > 0 else 0
+        avg_capture_time_ms = (total_capture_time / frame_count * 1000) if frame_count > 0 else 0
+        width, height = pil_image.size
+
+        return TemplateTestResponse(
+            full_capture=CaptureImage(
+                image=thumbnail_data_uri,
+                full_image=full_data_uri,
+                width=width,
+                height=height,
+                thumbnail_width=thumbnail_width,
+                thumbnail_height=thumbnail_height,
+            ),
+            border_extraction=None,
+            performance=PerformanceMetrics(
+                capture_duration_s=actual_duration,
+                frame_count=frame_count,
+                actual_fps=actual_fps,
+                avg_capture_time_ms=avg_capture_time_ms,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    except HTTPException:
+        raise
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except RuntimeError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Engine error: {str(e)}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to test picture source: {e}", exc_info=True)
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+    finally:
+        if stream:
+            try:
+                stream.cleanup()
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(f"Error cleaning up test stream: {e}")

server/src/wled_controller/api/routes/postprocessing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+"""Postprocessing template routes."""
+
+import base64
+import io
+import time
+
+import httpx
+import numpy as np
+from PIL import Image
+from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Depends
+
+from wled_controller.api.auth import AuthRequired
+from wled_controller.api.dependencies import (
+    get_device_store,
+    get_picture_source_store,
+    get_pp_template_store,
+    get_processor_manager,
+    get_template_store,
+)
+from wled_controller.api.schemas.common import (
+    CaptureImage,
+    PerformanceMetrics,
+    TemplateTestResponse,
+)
+from wled_controller.api.schemas.filters import FilterInstanceSchema
+from wled_controller.api.schemas.postprocessing import (
+    PostprocessingTemplateCreate,
+    PostprocessingTemplateListResponse,
+    PostprocessingTemplateResponse,
+    PostprocessingTemplateUpdate,
+    PPTemplateTestRequest,
+)
+from wled_controller.core.capture_engines import EngineRegistry
+from wled_controller.core.filters import FilterRegistry, FilterInstance, ImagePool
+from wled_controller.core.processor_manager import ProcessorManager
+from wled_controller.storage import DeviceStore
+from wled_controller.storage.template_store import TemplateStore
+from wled_controller.storage.postprocessing_template_store import PostprocessingTemplateStore
+from wled_controller.storage.picture_source_store import PictureSourceStore
+from wled_controller.storage.picture_source import ScreenCapturePictureSource, StaticImagePictureSource
+from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+def _pp_template_to_response(t) -> PostprocessingTemplateResponse:
+    """Convert a PostprocessingTemplate to its API response."""
+    return PostprocessingTemplateResponse(
+        id=t.id,
+        name=t.name,
+        filters=[FilterInstanceSchema(filter_id=f.filter_id, options=f.options) for f in t.filters],
+        created_at=t.created_at,
+        updated_at=t.updated_at,
+        description=t.description,
+    )
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/postprocessing-templates", response_model=PostprocessingTemplateListResponse, tags=["Postprocessing Templates"])
+async def list_pp_templates(
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PostprocessingTemplateStore = Depends(get_pp_template_store),
+):
+    """List all postprocessing templates."""
+    try:
+        templates = store.get_all_templates()
+        responses = [_pp_template_to_response(t) for t in templates]
+        return PostprocessingTemplateListResponse(templates=responses, count=len(responses))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to list postprocessing templates: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.post("/api/v1/postprocessing-templates", response_model=PostprocessingTemplateResponse, tags=["Postprocessing Templates"], status_code=201)
+async def create_pp_template(
+    data: PostprocessingTemplateCreate,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PostprocessingTemplateStore = Depends(get_pp_template_store),
+):
+    """Create a new postprocessing template."""
+    try:
+        filters = [FilterInstance(f.filter_id, f.options) for f in data.filters]
+        template = store.create_template(
+            name=data.name,
+            filters=filters,
+            description=data.description,
+        )
+        return _pp_template_to_response(template)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to create postprocessing template: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/postprocessing-templates/{template_id}", response_model=PostprocessingTemplateResponse, tags=["Postprocessing Templates"])
+async def get_pp_template(
+    template_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PostprocessingTemplateStore = Depends(get_pp_template_store),
+):
+    """Get postprocessing template by ID."""
+    try:
+        template = store.get_template(template_id)
+        return _pp_template_to_response(template)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Postprocessing template {template_id} not found")
+
+
+@router.put("/api/v1/postprocessing-templates/{template_id}", response_model=PostprocessingTemplateResponse, tags=["Postprocessing Templates"])
+async def update_pp_template(
+    template_id: str,
+    data: PostprocessingTemplateUpdate,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PostprocessingTemplateStore = Depends(get_pp_template_store),
+):
+    """Update a postprocessing template."""
+    try:
+        filters = [FilterInstance(f.filter_id, f.options) for f in data.filters] if data.filters is not None else None
+        template = store.update_template(
+            template_id=template_id,
+            name=data.name,
+            filters=filters,
+            description=data.description,
+        )
+        return _pp_template_to_response(template)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to update postprocessing template: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.delete("/api/v1/postprocessing-templates/{template_id}", status_code=204, tags=["Postprocessing Templates"])
+async def delete_pp_template(
+    template_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    store: PostprocessingTemplateStore = Depends(get_pp_template_store),
+    stream_store: PictureSourceStore = Depends(get_picture_source_store),
+):
+    """Delete a postprocessing template."""
+    try:
+        # Check if any picture source references this template
+        if store.is_referenced_by(template_id, stream_store):
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=409,
+                detail="Cannot delete postprocessing template: it is referenced by one or more picture sources. "
+                       "Please reassign those streams before deleting.",
+            )
+        store.delete_template(template_id)
+    except HTTPException:
+        raise
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to delete postprocessing template: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.post("/api/v1/postprocessing-templates/{template_id}/test", response_model=TemplateTestResponse, tags=["Postprocessing Templates"])
+async def test_pp_template(
+    template_id: str,
+    test_request: PPTemplateTestRequest,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    pp_store: PostprocessingTemplateStore = Depends(get_pp_template_store),
+    stream_store: PictureSourceStore = Depends(get_picture_source_store),
+    template_store: TemplateStore = Depends(get_template_store),
+    processor_manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+    device_store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+):
+    """Test a postprocessing template by capturing from a source stream and applying filters."""
+    stream = None
+    try:
+        # Get the PP template
+        try:
+            pp_template = pp_store.get_template(template_id)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=str(e))
+
+        # Resolve source stream chain to get the raw stream
+        try:
+            chain = stream_store.resolve_stream_chain(test_request.source_stream_id)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+
+        raw_stream = chain["raw_stream"]
+
+        if isinstance(raw_stream, StaticImagePictureSource):
+            # Static image: load directly
+            from pathlib import Path
+
+            source = raw_stream.image_source
+            start_time = time.perf_counter()
+
+            if source.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
+                async with httpx.AsyncClient(timeout=15, follow_redirects=True) as client:
+                    resp = await client.get(source)
+                    resp.raise_for_status()
+                    pil_image = Image.open(io.BytesIO(resp.content)).convert("RGB")
+            else:
+                path = Path(source)
+                if not path.exists():
+                    raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"Image file not found: {source}")
+                pil_image = Image.open(path).convert("RGB")
+
+            actual_duration = time.perf_counter() - start_time
+            frame_count = 1
+            total_capture_time = actual_duration
+        elif isinstance(raw_stream, ScreenCapturePictureSource):
+            # Screen capture stream: use engine
+            try:
+                capture_template = template_store.get_template(raw_stream.capture_template_id)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=400,
+                    detail=f"Capture template not found: {raw_stream.capture_template_id}",
+                )
+
+            display_index = raw_stream.display_index
+
+            if capture_template.engine_type not in EngineRegistry.get_available_engines():
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=400,
+                    detail=f"Engine '{capture_template.engine_type}' is not available on this system",
+                )
+
+            locked_device_id = processor_manager.get_display_lock_info(display_index)
+            if locked_device_id:
+                try:
+                    device = device_store.get_device(locked_device_id)
+                    device_name = device.name
+                except Exception:
+                    device_name = locked_device_id
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=409,
+                    detail=f"Display {display_index} is currently being captured by device '{device_name}'. "
+                           f"Please stop the device processing before testing.",
+                )
+
+            stream = EngineRegistry.create_stream(
+                capture_template.engine_type, display_index, capture_template.engine_config
+            )
+            stream.initialize()
+
+            logger.info(f"Starting {test_request.capture_duration}s PP template test for {template_id} using stream {test_request.source_stream_id}")
+
+            frame_count = 0
+            total_capture_time = 0.0
+            last_frame = None
+
+            start_time = time.perf_counter()
+            end_time = start_time + test_request.capture_duration
+
+            while time.perf_counter() < end_time:
+                capture_start = time.perf_counter()
+                screen_capture = stream.capture_frame()
+                capture_elapsed = time.perf_counter() - capture_start
+
+                if screen_capture is None:
+                    continue
+
+                total_capture_time += capture_elapsed
+                frame_count += 1
+                last_frame = screen_capture
+
+            actual_duration = time.perf_counter() - start_time
+
+            if last_frame is None:
+                raise RuntimeError("No frames captured during test")
+
+            if isinstance(last_frame.image, np.ndarray):
+                pil_image = Image.fromarray(last_frame.image)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Unexpected image format from engine")
+
+        # Create thumbnail
+        thumbnail_width = 640
+        aspect_ratio = pil_image.height / pil_image.width
+        thumbnail_height = int(thumbnail_width * aspect_ratio)
+        thumbnail = pil_image.copy()
+        thumbnail.thumbnail((thumbnail_width, thumbnail_height), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
+
+        # Apply postprocessing filters
+        if pp_template.filters:
+            pool = ImagePool()
+
+            def apply_filters(img):
+                arr = np.array(img)
+                for fi in pp_template.filters:
+                    f = FilterRegistry.create_instance(fi.filter_id, fi.options)
+                    result = f.process_image(arr, pool)
+                    if result is not None:
+                        arr = result
+                return Image.fromarray(arr)
+
+            thumbnail = apply_filters(thumbnail)
+            pil_image = apply_filters(pil_image)
+
+        # Encode thumbnail
+        img_buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        thumbnail.save(img_buffer, format='JPEG', quality=85)
+        img_buffer.seek(0)
+        thumbnail_b64 = base64.b64encode(img_buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')
+        thumbnail_data_uri = f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{thumbnail_b64}"
+
+        # Encode full-resolution image
+        full_buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        pil_image.save(full_buffer, format='JPEG', quality=90)
+        full_buffer.seek(0)
+        full_b64 = base64.b64encode(full_buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')
+        full_data_uri = f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{full_b64}"
+
+        actual_fps = frame_count / actual_duration if actual_duration > 0 else 0
+        avg_capture_time_ms = (total_capture_time / frame_count * 1000) if frame_count > 0 else 0
+        width, height = pil_image.size
+
+        return TemplateTestResponse(
+            full_capture=CaptureImage(
+                image=thumbnail_data_uri,
+                full_image=full_data_uri,
+                width=width,
+                height=height,
+                thumbnail_width=thumbnail_width,
+                thumbnail_height=thumbnail_height,
+            ),
+            border_extraction=None,
+            performance=PerformanceMetrics(
+                capture_duration_s=actual_duration,
+                frame_count=frame_count,
+                actual_fps=actual_fps,
+                avg_capture_time_ms=avg_capture_time_ms,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    except HTTPException:
+        raise
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Postprocessing template test failed: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+    finally:
+        if stream:
+            try:
+                stream.cleanup()
+            except Exception:
+                pass

server/src/wled_controller/api/routes/system.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+"""System routes: health, version, displays."""
+
+import sys
+from datetime import datetime
+
+from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException
+
+from wled_controller import __version__
+from wled_controller.api.auth import AuthRequired
+from wled_controller.api.schemas.system import (
+    DisplayInfo,
+    DisplayListResponse,
+    HealthResponse,
+    VersionResponse,
+)
+from wled_controller.core.screen_capture import get_available_displays
+from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+@router.get("/health", response_model=HealthResponse, tags=["Health"])
+async def health_check():
+    """Check service health status.
+
+    Returns basic health information including status, version, and timestamp.
+    """
+    logger.info("Health check requested")
+
+    return HealthResponse(
+        status="healthy",
+        timestamp=datetime.utcnow(),
+        version=__version__,
+    )
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/version", response_model=VersionResponse, tags=["Info"])
+async def get_version():
+    """Get version information.
+
+    Returns application version, Python version, and API version.
+    """
+    logger.info("Version info requested")
+
+    return VersionResponse(
+        version=__version__,
+        python_version=f"{sys.version_info.major}.{sys.version_info.minor}.{sys.version_info.micro}",
+        api_version="v1",
+    )
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/config/displays", response_model=DisplayListResponse, tags=["Config"])
+async def get_displays(_: AuthRequired):
+    """Get list of available displays.
+
+    Returns information about all available monitors/displays that can be captured.
+    """
+    logger.info("Listing available displays")
+
+    try:
+        # Get available displays with all metadata (name, refresh rate, etc.)
+        display_dataclasses = get_available_displays()
+
+        # Convert dataclass DisplayInfo to Pydantic DisplayInfo
+        displays = [
+            DisplayInfo(
+                index=d.index,
+                name=d.name,
+                width=d.width,
+                height=d.height,
+                x=d.x,
+                y=d.y,
+                is_primary=d.is_primary,
+                refresh_rate=d.refresh_rate,
+            )
+            for d in display_dataclasses
+        ]
+
+        logger.info(f"Found {len(displays)} displays")
+
+        return DisplayListResponse(
+            displays=displays,
+            count=len(displays),
+        )
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to get displays: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=500,
+            detail=f"Failed to retrieve display information: {str(e)}"
+        )

server/src/wled_controller/api/routes/templates.py

@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+"""Capture template, engine, and filter routes."""
+
+import base64
+import io
+import time
+
+import numpy as np
+from PIL import Image
+from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException, Depends
+
+from wled_controller.api.auth import AuthRequired
+from wled_controller.api.dependencies import (
+    get_device_store,
+    get_picture_source_store,
+    get_processor_manager,
+    get_template_store,
+)
+from wled_controller.api.schemas.common import (
+    CaptureImage,
+    PerformanceMetrics,
+    TemplateTestResponse,
+)
+from wled_controller.api.schemas.templates import (
+    EngineInfo,
+    EngineListResponse,
+    TemplateCreate,
+    TemplateListResponse,
+    TemplateResponse,
+    TemplateTestRequest,
+    TemplateUpdate,
+)
+from wled_controller.api.schemas.filters import (
+    FilterOptionDefSchema,
+    FilterTypeListResponse,
+    FilterTypeResponse,
+)
+from wled_controller.core.capture_engines import EngineRegistry
+from wled_controller.core.filters import FilterRegistry
+from wled_controller.core.processor_manager import ProcessorManager
+from wled_controller.storage import DeviceStore
+from wled_controller.storage.template_store import TemplateStore
+from wled_controller.storage.picture_source_store import PictureSourceStore
+from wled_controller.storage.picture_source import ScreenCapturePictureSource
+from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+router = APIRouter()
+
+
+# ===== CAPTURE TEMPLATE ENDPOINTS =====
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/capture-templates", response_model=TemplateListResponse, tags=["Templates"])
+async def list_templates(
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    template_store: TemplateStore = Depends(get_template_store),
+):
+    """List all capture templates."""
+    try:
+        templates = template_store.get_all_templates()
+
+        template_responses = [
+            TemplateResponse(
+                id=t.id,
+                name=t.name,
+                engine_type=t.engine_type,
+                engine_config=t.engine_config,
+
+                created_at=t.created_at,
+                updated_at=t.updated_at,
+                description=t.description,
+            )
+            for t in templates
+        ]
+
+        return TemplateListResponse(
+            templates=template_responses,
+            count=len(template_responses),
+        )
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to list templates: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.post("/api/v1/capture-templates", response_model=TemplateResponse, tags=["Templates"], status_code=201)
+async def create_template(
+    template_data: TemplateCreate,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    template_store: TemplateStore = Depends(get_template_store),
+):
+    """Create a new capture template."""
+    try:
+        template = template_store.create_template(
+            name=template_data.name,
+            engine_type=template_data.engine_type,
+            engine_config=template_data.engine_config,
+            description=template_data.description,
+        )
+
+        return TemplateResponse(
+            id=template.id,
+            name=template.name,
+            engine_type=template.engine_type,
+            engine_config=template.engine_config,
+
+            created_at=template.created_at,
+            updated_at=template.updated_at,
+            description=template.description,
+        )
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to create template: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/capture-templates/{template_id}", response_model=TemplateResponse, tags=["Templates"])
+async def get_template(
+    template_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    template_store: TemplateStore = Depends(get_template_store),
+):
+    """Get template by ID."""
+    try:
+        template = template_store.get_template(template_id)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=f"Template {template_id} not found")
+
+    return TemplateResponse(
+        id=template.id,
+        name=template.name,
+        engine_type=template.engine_type,
+        engine_config=template.engine_config,
+        created_at=template.created_at,
+        updated_at=template.updated_at,
+        description=template.description,
+    )
+
+
+@router.put("/api/v1/capture-templates/{template_id}", response_model=TemplateResponse, tags=["Templates"])
+async def update_template(
+    template_id: str,
+    update_data: TemplateUpdate,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    template_store: TemplateStore = Depends(get_template_store),
+):
+    """Update a template."""
+    try:
+        template = template_store.update_template(
+            template_id=template_id,
+            name=update_data.name,
+            engine_type=update_data.engine_type,
+            engine_config=update_data.engine_config,
+            description=update_data.description,
+        )
+
+        return TemplateResponse(
+            id=template.id,
+            name=template.name,
+            engine_type=template.engine_type,
+            engine_config=template.engine_config,
+
+            created_at=template.created_at,
+            updated_at=template.updated_at,
+            description=template.description,
+        )
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to update template: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.delete("/api/v1/capture-templates/{template_id}", status_code=204, tags=["Templates"])
+async def delete_template(
+    template_id: str,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    template_store: TemplateStore = Depends(get_template_store),
+    stream_store: PictureSourceStore = Depends(get_picture_source_store),
+):
+    """Delete a template.
+
+    Validates that no streams are currently using this template before deletion.
+    """
+    try:
+        # Check if any streams are using this template
+        streams_using_template = []
+        for stream in stream_store.get_all_streams():
+            if isinstance(stream, ScreenCapturePictureSource) and stream.capture_template_id == template_id:
+                streams_using_template.append(stream.name)
+
+        if streams_using_template:
+            stream_list = ", ".join(streams_using_template)
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=409,
+                detail=f"Cannot delete template: it is used by the following stream(s): {stream_list}. "
+                       f"Please reassign these streams to a different template before deleting."
+            )
+
+        # Proceed with deletion
+        template_store.delete_template(template_id)
+
+    except HTTPException:
+        raise  # Re-raise HTTP exceptions as-is
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to delete template: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/capture-engines", response_model=EngineListResponse, tags=["Templates"])
+async def list_engines(_auth: AuthRequired):
+    """List available capture engines on this system.
+
+    Returns all registered engines that are available on the current platform.
+    """
+    try:
+        available_engine_types = EngineRegistry.get_available_engines()
+
+        engines = []
+        for engine_type in available_engine_types:
+            engine_class = EngineRegistry.get_engine(engine_type)
+            engines.append(
+                EngineInfo(
+                    type=engine_type,
+                    name=engine_type.upper(),
+                    default_config=engine_class.get_default_config(),
+                    available=True,
+                )
+            )
+
+        return EngineListResponse(engines=engines, count=len(engines))
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to list engines: {e}")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+
+
+@router.post("/api/v1/capture-templates/test", response_model=TemplateTestResponse, tags=["Templates"])
+async def test_template(
+    test_request: TemplateTestRequest,
+    _auth: AuthRequired,
+    processor_manager: ProcessorManager = Depends(get_processor_manager),
+    device_store: DeviceStore = Depends(get_device_store),
+):
+    """Test a capture template configuration.
+
+    Temporarily instantiates an engine with the provided configuration,
+    captures frames for the specified duration, and returns actual FPS metrics.
+    """
+    stream = None
+    try:
+        # Validate engine type
+        if test_request.engine_type not in EngineRegistry.get_available_engines():
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=400,
+                detail=f"Engine '{test_request.engine_type}' is not available on this system"
+            )
+
+        # Check if display is already being captured
+        locked_device_id = processor_manager.get_display_lock_info(test_request.display_index)
+        if locked_device_id:
+            # Get device info for better error message
+            try:
+                device = device_store.get_device(locked_device_id)
+                device_name = device.name
+            except Exception:
+                device_name = locked_device_id
+
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=409,
+                detail=(
+                    f"Display {test_request.display_index} is currently being captured by device "
+                    f"'{device_name}'. Please stop the device processing before testing this template."
+                )
+            )
+
+        # Create and initialize capture stream
+        stream = EngineRegistry.create_stream(
+            test_request.engine_type, test_request.display_index, test_request.engine_config
+        )
+        stream.initialize()
+
+        # Run sustained capture test
+        logger.info(f"Starting {test_request.capture_duration}s capture test with {test_request.engine_type}")
+
+        frame_count = 0
+        total_capture_time = 0.0
+        last_frame = None
+
+        start_time = time.perf_counter()
+        end_time = start_time + test_request.capture_duration
+
+        while time.perf_counter() < end_time:
+            capture_start = time.perf_counter()
+            screen_capture = stream.capture_frame()
+            capture_elapsed = time.perf_counter() - capture_start
+
+            # Skip if no new frame (screen unchanged)
+            if screen_capture is None:
+                continue
+
+            total_capture_time += capture_elapsed
+            frame_count += 1
+            last_frame = screen_capture
+
+        actual_duration = time.perf_counter() - start_time
+
+        logger.info(f"Captured {frame_count} frames in {actual_duration:.2f}s")
+
+        # Use the last captured frame for preview
+        if last_frame is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("No frames captured during test")
+
+        # Convert numpy array to PIL Image
+        if isinstance(last_frame.image, np.ndarray):
+            pil_image = Image.fromarray(last_frame.image)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unexpected image format from engine")
+
+        # Create thumbnail (640px wide, maintain aspect ratio)
+        thumbnail_width = 640
+        aspect_ratio = pil_image.height / pil_image.width
+        thumbnail_height = int(thumbnail_width * aspect_ratio)
+        thumbnail = pil_image.copy()
+        thumbnail.thumbnail((thumbnail_width, thumbnail_height), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
+
+        # Encode thumbnail as JPEG
+        img_buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        thumbnail.save(img_buffer, format='JPEG', quality=85)
+        img_buffer.seek(0)
+        thumbnail_b64 = base64.b64encode(img_buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')
+        thumbnail_data_uri = f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{thumbnail_b64}"
+
+        # Encode full-resolution image as JPEG
+        full_buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        pil_image.save(full_buffer, format='JPEG', quality=90)
+        full_buffer.seek(0)
+        full_b64 = base64.b64encode(full_buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')
+        full_data_uri = f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{full_b64}"
+
+        # Calculate metrics
+        actual_fps = frame_count / actual_duration if actual_duration > 0 else 0
+        avg_capture_time_ms = (total_capture_time / frame_count * 1000) if frame_count > 0 else 0
+
+        width, height = pil_image.size
+
+        return TemplateTestResponse(
+            full_capture=CaptureImage(
+                image=thumbnail_data_uri,
+                full_image=full_data_uri,
+                width=width,
+                height=height,
+                thumbnail_width=thumbnail_width,
+                thumbnail_height=thumbnail_height,
+            ),
+            border_extraction=None,
+            performance=PerformanceMetrics(
+                capture_duration_s=actual_duration,
+                frame_count=frame_count,
+                actual_fps=actual_fps,
+                avg_capture_time_ms=avg_capture_time_ms,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(e))
+    except RuntimeError as e:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Engine error: {str(e)}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Failed to test template: {e}", exc_info=True)
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e))
+    finally:
+        if stream:
+            try:
+                stream.cleanup()
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(f"Error cleaning up test stream: {e}")
+
+
+# ===== FILTER TYPE ENDPOINTS =====
+
+@router.get("/api/v1/filters", response_model=FilterTypeListResponse, tags=["Filters"])
+async def list_filter_types(_auth: AuthRequired):
+    """List all available postprocessing filter types and their options schemas."""
+    all_filters = FilterRegistry.get_all()
+    responses = []
+    for filter_id, filter_cls in all_filters.items():
+        schema = filter_cls.get_options_schema()
+        responses.append(FilterTypeResponse(
+            filter_id=filter_cls.filter_id,
+            filter_name=filter_cls.filter_name,
+            options_schema=[
+                FilterOptionDefSchema(
+                    key=opt.key,
+                    label=opt.label,
+                    type=opt.option_type,
+                    default=opt.default,
+                    min_value=opt.min_value,
+                    max_value=opt.max_value,
+                    step=opt.step,
+                )
+                for opt in schema
+            ],
+        ))
+    return FilterTypeListResponse(filters=responses, count=len(responses))

server/src/wled_controller/api/schemas.py

@@ -1,482 +0,0 @@
-"""Pydantic schemas for API request and response models."""
-
-from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Literal, Optional
-
-from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, HttpUrl
-
-from wled_controller.core.processor_manager import DEFAULT_STATE_CHECK_INTERVAL
-
-
-# Health and Version Schemas
-
-class HealthResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Health check response."""
-
-    status: Literal["healthy", "unhealthy"] = Field(description="Service health status")
-    timestamp: datetime = Field(description="Current server time")
-    version: str = Field(description="Application version")
-
-
-class VersionResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Version information response."""
-
-    version: str = Field(description="Application version")
-    python_version: str = Field(description="Python version")
-    api_version: str = Field(description="API version")
-
-
-# Display Schemas
-
-class DisplayInfo(BaseModel):
-    """Display/monitor information."""
-
-    index: int = Field(description="Display index")
-    name: str = Field(description="Display name")
-    width: int = Field(description="Display width in pixels")
-    height: int = Field(description="Display height in pixels")
-    x: int = Field(description="Display X position")
-    y: int = Field(description="Display Y position")
-    is_primary: bool = Field(default=False, description="Whether this is the primary display")
-    refresh_rate: int = Field(description="Display refresh rate in Hz")
-
-
-class DisplayListResponse(BaseModel):
-    """List of available displays."""
-
-    displays: List[DisplayInfo] = Field(description="Available displays")
-    count: int = Field(description="Number of displays")
-
-
-# Device Schemas
-
-class DeviceCreate(BaseModel):
-    """Request to create/attach a WLED device."""
-
-    name: str = Field(description="Device name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
-    url: str = Field(description="WLED device URL (e.g., http://192.168.1.100)")
-    capture_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Capture template ID (uses first available if not set or invalid)")
-
-
-class DeviceUpdate(BaseModel):
-    """Request to update device information."""
-
-    name: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Device name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
-    url: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="WLED device URL")
-    enabled: Optional[bool] = Field(None, description="Whether device is enabled")
-    capture_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Capture template ID (legacy)")
-    picture_stream_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Picture stream ID")
-
-
-class ColorCorrection(BaseModel):
-    """Color correction settings."""
-
-    gamma: float = Field(default=2.2, description="Gamma correction", ge=0.1, le=5.0)
-    saturation: float = Field(default=1.0, description="Saturation multiplier", ge=0.0, le=2.0)
-    brightness: float = Field(default=1.0, description="Brightness multiplier", ge=0.0, le=1.0)
-
-
-class ProcessingSettings(BaseModel):
-    """Processing settings for a device."""
-
-    display_index: int = Field(default=0, description="Display to capture", ge=0)
-    fps: int = Field(default=30, description="Target frames per second", ge=10, le=90)
-    border_width: int = Field(default=10, description="Border width in pixels", ge=1, le=100)
-    interpolation_mode: str = Field(default="average", description="LED color interpolation mode (average, median, dominant)")
-    brightness: float = Field(default=1.0, description="Global brightness (0.0-1.0)", ge=0.0, le=1.0)
-    smoothing: float = Field(default=0.3, description="Temporal smoothing factor (0.0=none, 1.0=full)", ge=0.0, le=1.0)
-    state_check_interval: int = Field(
-        default=DEFAULT_STATE_CHECK_INTERVAL, ge=5, le=600,
-        description="Seconds between WLED health checks"
-    )
-    color_correction: Optional[ColorCorrection] = Field(
-        default_factory=ColorCorrection,
-        description="Color correction settings"
-    )
-
-
-class Calibration(BaseModel):
-    """Calibration configuration for pixel-to-LED mapping."""
-
-    layout: Literal["clockwise", "counterclockwise"] = Field(
-        default="clockwise",
-        description="LED strip layout direction"
-    )
-    start_position: Literal["top_left", "top_right", "bottom_left", "bottom_right"] = Field(
-        default="bottom_left",
-        description="Starting corner of the LED strip"
-    )
-    offset: int = Field(
-        default=0,
-        ge=0,
-        description="Number of LEDs from physical LED 0 to start corner (along strip direction)"
-    )
-    leds_top: int = Field(default=0, ge=0, description="Number of LEDs on the top edge")
-    leds_right: int = Field(default=0, ge=0, description="Number of LEDs on the right edge")
-    leds_bottom: int = Field(default=0, ge=0, description="Number of LEDs on the bottom edge")
-    leds_left: int = Field(default=0, ge=0, description="Number of LEDs on the left edge")
-    # Per-edge span: fraction of screen side covered by LEDs (0.0–1.0)
-    span_top_start: float = Field(default=0.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="Start of top edge coverage")
-    span_top_end: float = Field(default=1.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="End of top edge coverage")
-    span_right_start: float = Field(default=0.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="Start of right edge coverage")
-    span_right_end: float = Field(default=1.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="End of right edge coverage")
-    span_bottom_start: float = Field(default=0.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="Start of bottom edge coverage")
-    span_bottom_end: float = Field(default=1.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="End of bottom edge coverage")
-    span_left_start: float = Field(default=0.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="Start of left edge coverage")
-    span_left_end: float = Field(default=1.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="End of left edge coverage")
-
-
-class CalibrationTestModeRequest(BaseModel):
-    """Request to set calibration test mode with multiple edges."""
-
-    edges: Dict[str, List[int]] = Field(
-        default_factory=dict,
-        description="Map of active edge names to RGB colors. "
-                    "E.g. {'top': [255, 0, 0], 'left': [255, 255, 0]}. "
-                    "Empty dict = exit test mode."
-    )
-
-
-class CalibrationTestModeResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Response for calibration test mode."""
-
-    test_mode: bool = Field(description="Whether test mode is active")
-    active_edges: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list, description="Currently lit edges")
-    device_id: str = Field(description="Device ID")
-
-
-class DeviceResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Device information response."""
-
-    id: str = Field(description="Device ID")
-    name: str = Field(description="Device name")
-    url: str = Field(description="WLED device URL")
-    led_count: int = Field(description="Total number of LEDs")
-    enabled: bool = Field(description="Whether device is enabled")
-    status: Literal["connected", "disconnected", "error"] = Field(
-        description="Connection status"
-    )
-    settings: ProcessingSettings = Field(description="Processing settings")
-    calibration: Optional[Calibration] = Field(None, description="Calibration configuration")
-    capture_template_id: str = Field(description="ID of assigned capture template (legacy)")
-    picture_stream_id: str = Field(default="", description="ID of assigned picture stream")
-    created_at: datetime = Field(description="Creation timestamp")
-    updated_at: datetime = Field(description="Last update timestamp")
-
-
-class DeviceListResponse(BaseModel):
-    """List of devices response."""
-
-    devices: List[DeviceResponse] = Field(description="List of devices")
-    count: int = Field(description="Number of devices")
-
-
-# Processing State Schemas
-
-class ProcessingState(BaseModel):
-    """Processing state for a device."""
-
-    device_id: str = Field(description="Device ID")
-    processing: bool = Field(description="Whether processing is active")
-    fps_actual: Optional[float] = Field(None, description="Actual FPS achieved")
-    fps_target: int = Field(description="Target FPS")
-    display_index: int = Field(description="Current display index")
-    last_update: Optional[datetime] = Field(None, description="Last successful update")
-    errors: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list, description="Recent errors")
-    wled_online: bool = Field(default=False, description="Whether WLED device is reachable")
-    wled_latency_ms: Optional[float] = Field(None, description="WLED health check latency in ms")
-    wled_name: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="WLED device name")
-    wled_version: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="WLED firmware version")
-    wled_led_count: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="LED count reported by WLED device")
-    wled_rgbw: Optional[bool] = Field(None, description="Whether WLED device uses RGBW LEDs")
-    wled_led_type: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="LED chip type (e.g. WS2812B, SK6812 RGBW)")
-    wled_last_checked: Optional[datetime] = Field(None, description="Last health check time")
-    wled_error: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Last health check error")
-
-
-class MetricsResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Device metrics response."""
-
-    device_id: str = Field(description="Device ID")
-    processing: bool = Field(description="Whether processing is active")
-    fps_actual: Optional[float] = Field(None, description="Actual FPS")
-    fps_target: int = Field(description="Target FPS")
-    uptime_seconds: float = Field(description="Processing uptime in seconds")
-    frames_processed: int = Field(description="Total frames processed")
-    errors_count: int = Field(description="Total error count")
-    last_error: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Last error message")
-    last_update: Optional[datetime] = Field(None, description="Last update timestamp")
-
-
-# Error Schemas
-
-class ErrorResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Error response."""
-
-    error: str = Field(description="Error type")
-    message: str = Field(description="Error message")
-    detail: Optional[Dict] = Field(None, description="Additional error details")
-    timestamp: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow, description="Error timestamp")
-
-
-# Capture Template Schemas
-
-class TemplateCreate(BaseModel):
-    """Request to create a capture template."""
-
-    name: str = Field(description="Template name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
-    engine_type: str = Field(description="Engine type (e.g., 'mss', 'dxcam', 'wgc')", min_length=1)
-    engine_config: Dict = Field(default_factory=dict, description="Engine-specific configuration")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description", max_length=500)
-
-
-class TemplateUpdate(BaseModel):
-    """Request to update a template."""
-
-    name: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
-    engine_type: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Capture engine type (mss, dxcam, wgc)")
-    engine_config: Optional[Dict] = Field(None, description="Engine-specific configuration")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description", max_length=500)
-
-
-class TemplateResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Template information response."""
-
-    id: str = Field(description="Template ID")
-    name: str = Field(description="Template name")
-    engine_type: str = Field(description="Engine type identifier")
-    engine_config: Dict = Field(description="Engine-specific configuration")
-    created_at: datetime = Field(description="Creation timestamp")
-    updated_at: datetime = Field(description="Last update timestamp")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description")
-
-
-class TemplateListResponse(BaseModel):
-    """List of templates response."""
-
-    templates: List[TemplateResponse] = Field(description="List of templates")
-    count: int = Field(description="Number of templates")
-
-
-class EngineInfo(BaseModel):
-    """Capture engine information."""
-
-    type: str = Field(description="Engine type identifier (e.g., 'mss', 'dxcam')")
-    name: str = Field(description="Human-readable engine name")
-    default_config: Dict = Field(description="Default configuration for this engine")
-    available: bool = Field(description="Whether engine is available on this system")
-
-
-class EngineListResponse(BaseModel):
-    """List of available engines response."""
-
-    engines: List[EngineInfo] = Field(description="Available capture engines")
-    count: int = Field(description="Number of engines")
-
-
-class TemplateAssignment(BaseModel):
-    """Request to assign template to device."""
-
-    template_id: str = Field(description="Template ID to assign")
-
-
-class TemplateTestRequest(BaseModel):
-    """Request to test a capture template."""
-
-    engine_type: str = Field(description="Capture engine type to test")
-    engine_config: Dict = Field(default={}, description="Engine configuration")
-    display_index: int = Field(description="Display index to capture")
-    border_width: int = Field(default=10, ge=1, le=100, description="Border width in pixels")
-    capture_duration: float = Field(default=5.0, ge=1.0, le=30.0, description="Duration to capture in seconds")
-
-
-class CaptureImage(BaseModel):
-    """Captured image with metadata."""
-
-    image: str = Field(description="Base64-encoded thumbnail image data")
-    full_image: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Base64-encoded full-resolution image data")
-    width: int = Field(description="Original image width in pixels")
-    height: int = Field(description="Original image height in pixels")
-    thumbnail_width: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Thumbnail width (if resized)")
-    thumbnail_height: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Thumbnail height (if resized)")
-
-
-class BorderExtraction(BaseModel):
-    """Extracted border images."""
-
-    top: str = Field(description="Base64-encoded top border image")
-    right: str = Field(description="Base64-encoded right border image")
-    bottom: str = Field(description="Base64-encoded bottom border image")
-    left: str = Field(description="Base64-encoded left border image")
-
-
-class PerformanceMetrics(BaseModel):
-    """Performance metrics for template test."""
-
-    capture_duration_s: float = Field(description="Total capture duration in seconds")
-    frame_count: int = Field(description="Number of frames captured")
-    actual_fps: float = Field(description="Actual FPS (frame_count / duration)")
-    avg_capture_time_ms: float = Field(description="Average time per frame capture in milliseconds")
-
-
-class TemplateTestResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Response from template test."""
-
-    full_capture: CaptureImage = Field(description="Full screen capture with thumbnail")
-    border_extraction: Optional[BorderExtraction] = Field(None, description="Extracted border images (deprecated)")
-    performance: PerformanceMetrics = Field(description="Performance metrics")
-
-
-# Filter Schemas
-
-class FilterInstanceSchema(BaseModel):
-    """A single filter instance with its configuration."""
-
-    filter_id: str = Field(description="Filter type identifier")
-    options: Dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict, description="Filter-specific options")
-
-
-class FilterOptionDefSchema(BaseModel):
-    """Describes a configurable option for a filter type."""
-
-    key: str = Field(description="Option key")
-    label: str = Field(description="Display label")
-    type: str = Field(description="Option type (float or int)")
-    default: Any = Field(description="Default value")
-    min_value: Any = Field(description="Minimum value")
-    max_value: Any = Field(description="Maximum value")
-    step: Any = Field(description="Step increment")
-
-
-class FilterTypeResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Available filter type with its options schema."""
-
-    filter_id: str = Field(description="Filter type identifier")
-    filter_name: str = Field(description="Display name")
-    options_schema: List[FilterOptionDefSchema] = Field(description="Configurable options")
-
-
-class FilterTypeListResponse(BaseModel):
-    """List of available filter types."""
-
-    filters: List[FilterTypeResponse] = Field(description="Available filter types")
-    count: int = Field(description="Number of filter types")
-
-
-# Postprocessing Template Schemas
-
-class PostprocessingTemplateCreate(BaseModel):
-    """Request to create a postprocessing template."""
-
-    name: str = Field(description="Template name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
-    filters: List[FilterInstanceSchema] = Field(default_factory=list, description="Ordered list of filter instances")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description", max_length=500)
-
-
-class PostprocessingTemplateUpdate(BaseModel):
-    """Request to update a postprocessing template."""
-
-    name: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
-    filters: Optional[List[FilterInstanceSchema]] = Field(None, description="Ordered list of filter instances")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description", max_length=500)
-
-
-class PostprocessingTemplateResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Postprocessing template information response."""
-
-    id: str = Field(description="Template ID")
-    name: str = Field(description="Template name")
-    filters: List[FilterInstanceSchema] = Field(description="Ordered list of filter instances")
-    created_at: datetime = Field(description="Creation timestamp")
-    updated_at: datetime = Field(description="Last update timestamp")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description")
-
-
-class PostprocessingTemplateListResponse(BaseModel):
-    """List of postprocessing templates response."""
-
-    templates: List[PostprocessingTemplateResponse] = Field(description="List of postprocessing templates")
-    count: int = Field(description="Number of templates")
-
-
-# Picture Stream Schemas
-
-class PictureStreamCreate(BaseModel):
-    """Request to create a picture stream."""
-
-    name: str = Field(description="Stream name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
-    stream_type: Literal["raw", "processed", "static_image"] = Field(description="Stream type")
-    display_index: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Display index (raw streams)", ge=0)
-    capture_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Capture template ID (raw streams)")
-    target_fps: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Target FPS (raw streams)", ge=10, le=90)
-    source_stream_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Source stream ID (processed streams)")
-    postprocessing_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Postprocessing template ID (processed streams)")
-    image_source: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Image URL or file path (static_image streams)")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Stream description", max_length=500)
-
-
-class PictureStreamUpdate(BaseModel):
-    """Request to update a picture stream."""
-
-    name: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Stream name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
-    display_index: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Display index (raw streams)", ge=0)
-    capture_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Capture template ID (raw streams)")
-    target_fps: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Target FPS (raw streams)", ge=10, le=90)
-    source_stream_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Source stream ID (processed streams)")
-    postprocessing_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Postprocessing template ID (processed streams)")
-    image_source: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Image URL or file path (static_image streams)")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Stream description", max_length=500)
-
-
-class PictureStreamResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Picture stream information response."""
-
-    id: str = Field(description="Stream ID")
-    name: str = Field(description="Stream name")
-    stream_type: str = Field(description="Stream type (raw, processed, or static_image)")
-    display_index: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Display index")
-    capture_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Capture template ID")
-    target_fps: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Target FPS")
-    source_stream_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Source stream ID")
-    postprocessing_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Postprocessing template ID")
-    image_source: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Image URL or file path")
-    created_at: datetime = Field(description="Creation timestamp")
-    updated_at: datetime = Field(description="Last update timestamp")
-    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Stream description")
-
-
-class PictureStreamListResponse(BaseModel):
-    """List of picture streams response."""
-
-    streams: List[PictureStreamResponse] = Field(description="List of picture streams")
-    count: int = Field(description="Number of streams")
-
-
-class PictureStreamTestRequest(BaseModel):
-    """Request to test a picture stream."""
-
-    capture_duration: float = Field(default=5.0, ge=1.0, le=30.0, description="Duration to capture in seconds")
-    border_width: int = Field(default=10, ge=1, le=100, description="Border width in pixels for preview")
-
-
-class PPTemplateTestRequest(BaseModel):
-    """Request to test a postprocessing template against a source stream."""
-
-    source_stream_id: str = Field(description="ID of the source picture stream to capture from")
-    capture_duration: float = Field(default=5.0, ge=1.0, le=30.0, description="Duration to capture in seconds")
-
-
-class ImageValidateRequest(BaseModel):
-    """Request to validate an image source (URL or file path)."""
-
-    image_source: str = Field(description="Image URL or local file path")
-
-
-class ImageValidateResponse(BaseModel):
-    """Response from image validation."""
-
-    valid: bool = Field(description="Whether the image source is accessible and valid")
-    width: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Image width in pixels")
-    height: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Image height in pixels")
-    preview: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Base64-encoded JPEG thumbnail")
-    error: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Error message if invalid")

server/src/wled_controller/api/schemas/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+"""Pydantic schemas for API request and response models."""
+
+from .common import (
+    CaptureImage,
+    BorderExtraction,
+    ErrorResponse,
+    PerformanceMetrics,
+    TemplateTestResponse,
+)
+from .system import (
+    DisplayInfo,
+    DisplayListResponse,
+    HealthResponse,
+    VersionResponse,
+)
+from .devices import (
+    Calibration,
+    CalibrationTestModeRequest,
+    CalibrationTestModeResponse,
+    ColorCorrection,
+    DeviceCreate,
+    DeviceListResponse,
+    DeviceResponse,
+    DeviceUpdate,
+    MetricsResponse,
+    ProcessingSettings,
+    ProcessingState,
+)
+from .templates import (
+    EngineInfo,
+    EngineListResponse,
+    TemplateAssignment,
+    TemplateCreate,
+    TemplateListResponse,
+    TemplateResponse,
+    TemplateTestRequest,
+    TemplateUpdate,
+)
+from .filters import (
+    FilterInstanceSchema,
+    FilterOptionDefSchema,
+    FilterTypeListResponse,
+    FilterTypeResponse,
+)
+from .postprocessing import (
+    PostprocessingTemplateCreate,
+    PostprocessingTemplateListResponse,
+    PostprocessingTemplateResponse,
+    PostprocessingTemplateUpdate,
+    PPTemplateTestRequest,
+)
+from .picture_sources import (
+    ImageValidateRequest,
+    ImageValidateResponse,
+    PictureSourceCreate,
+    PictureSourceListResponse,
+    PictureSourceResponse,
+    PictureSourceTestRequest,
+    PictureSourceUpdate,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CaptureImage",
+    "BorderExtraction",
+    "ErrorResponse",
+    "PerformanceMetrics",
+    "TemplateTestResponse",
+    "DisplayInfo",
+    "DisplayListResponse",
+    "HealthResponse",
+    "VersionResponse",
+    "Calibration",
+    "CalibrationTestModeRequest",
+    "CalibrationTestModeResponse",
+    "ColorCorrection",
+    "DeviceCreate",
+    "DeviceListResponse",
+    "DeviceResponse",
+    "DeviceUpdate",
+    "MetricsResponse",
+    "ProcessingSettings",
+    "ProcessingState",
+    "EngineInfo",
+    "EngineListResponse",
+    "TemplateAssignment",
+    "TemplateCreate",
+    "TemplateListResponse",
+    "TemplateResponse",
+    "TemplateTestRequest",
+    "TemplateUpdate",
+    "FilterInstanceSchema",
+    "FilterOptionDefSchema",
+    "FilterTypeListResponse",
+    "FilterTypeResponse",
+    "PostprocessingTemplateCreate",
+    "PostprocessingTemplateListResponse",
+    "PostprocessingTemplateResponse",
+    "PostprocessingTemplateUpdate",
+    "PPTemplateTestRequest",
+    "ImageValidateRequest",
+    "ImageValidateResponse",
+    "PictureSourceCreate",
+    "PictureSourceListResponse",
+    "PictureSourceResponse",
+    "PictureSourceTestRequest",
+    "PictureSourceUpdate",
+]

server/src/wled_controller/api/schemas/common.py

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+"""Shared schemas used across multiple route modules."""
+
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+
+class ErrorResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Error response."""
+
+    error: str = Field(description="Error type")
+    message: str = Field(description="Error message")
+    detail: Optional[Dict] = Field(None, description="Additional error details")
+    timestamp: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow, description="Error timestamp")
+
+
+class CaptureImage(BaseModel):
+    """Captured image with metadata."""
+
+    image: str = Field(description="Base64-encoded thumbnail image data")
+    full_image: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Base64-encoded full-resolution image data")
+    width: int = Field(description="Original image width in pixels")
+    height: int = Field(description="Original image height in pixels")
+    thumbnail_width: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Thumbnail width (if resized)")
+    thumbnail_height: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Thumbnail height (if resized)")
+
+
+class BorderExtraction(BaseModel):
+    """Extracted border images."""
+
+    top: str = Field(description="Base64-encoded top border image")
+    right: str = Field(description="Base64-encoded right border image")
+    bottom: str = Field(description="Base64-encoded bottom border image")
+    left: str = Field(description="Base64-encoded left border image")
+
+
+class PerformanceMetrics(BaseModel):
+    """Performance metrics for template test."""
+
+    capture_duration_s: float = Field(description="Total capture duration in seconds")
+    frame_count: int = Field(description="Number of frames captured")
+    actual_fps: float = Field(description="Actual FPS (frame_count / duration)")
+    avg_capture_time_ms: float = Field(description="Average time per frame capture in milliseconds")
+
+
+class TemplateTestResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Response from template test."""
+
+    full_capture: CaptureImage = Field(description="Full screen capture with thumbnail")
+    border_extraction: Optional[BorderExtraction] = Field(None, description="Extracted border images (deprecated)")
+    performance: PerformanceMetrics = Field(description="Performance metrics")

server/src/wled_controller/api/schemas/devices.py

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+"""Device-related schemas (CRUD, settings, calibration, processing state, metrics)."""
+
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Dict, List, Literal, Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from wled_controller.core.processor_manager import DEFAULT_STATE_CHECK_INTERVAL
+
+
+class DeviceCreate(BaseModel):
+    """Request to create/attach a WLED device."""
+
+    name: str = Field(description="Device name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
+    url: str = Field(description="WLED device URL (e.g., http://192.168.1.100)")
+
+
+class DeviceUpdate(BaseModel):
+    """Request to update device information."""
+
+    name: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Device name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
+    url: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="WLED device URL")
+    enabled: Optional[bool] = Field(None, description="Whether device is enabled")
+    picture_source_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Picture source ID")
+
+
+class ColorCorrection(BaseModel):
+    """Color correction settings."""
+
+    gamma: float = Field(default=2.2, description="Gamma correction", ge=0.1, le=5.0)
+    saturation: float = Field(default=1.0, description="Saturation multiplier", ge=0.0, le=2.0)
+    brightness: float = Field(default=1.0, description="Brightness multiplier", ge=0.0, le=1.0)
+
+
+class ProcessingSettings(BaseModel):
+    """Processing settings for a device."""
+
+    display_index: int = Field(default=0, description="Display to capture", ge=0)
+    fps: int = Field(default=30, description="Target frames per second", ge=10, le=90)
+    border_width: int = Field(default=10, description="Border width in pixels", ge=1, le=100)
+    interpolation_mode: str = Field(default="average", description="LED color interpolation mode (average, median, dominant)")
+    brightness: float = Field(default=1.0, description="Global brightness (0.0-1.0)", ge=0.0, le=1.0)
+    smoothing: float = Field(default=0.3, description="Temporal smoothing factor (0.0=none, 1.0=full)", ge=0.0, le=1.0)
+    state_check_interval: int = Field(
+        default=DEFAULT_STATE_CHECK_INTERVAL, ge=5, le=600,
+        description="Seconds between WLED health checks"
+    )
+    color_correction: Optional[ColorCorrection] = Field(
+        default_factory=ColorCorrection,
+        description="Color correction settings"
+    )
+
+
+class Calibration(BaseModel):
+    """Calibration configuration for pixel-to-LED mapping."""
+
+    layout: Literal["clockwise", "counterclockwise"] = Field(
+        default="clockwise",
+        description="LED strip layout direction"
+    )
+    start_position: Literal["top_left", "top_right", "bottom_left", "bottom_right"] = Field(
+        default="bottom_left",
+        description="Starting corner of the LED strip"
+    )
+    offset: int = Field(
+        default=0,
+        ge=0,
+        description="Number of LEDs from physical LED 0 to start corner (along strip direction)"
+    )
+    leds_top: int = Field(default=0, ge=0, description="Number of LEDs on the top edge")
+    leds_right: int = Field(default=0, ge=0, description="Number of LEDs on the right edge")
+    leds_bottom: int = Field(default=0, ge=0, description="Number of LEDs on the bottom edge")
+    leds_left: int = Field(default=0, ge=0, description="Number of LEDs on the left edge")
+    # Per-edge span: fraction of screen side covered by LEDs (0.0-1.0)
+    span_top_start: float = Field(default=0.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="Start of top edge coverage")
+    span_top_end: float = Field(default=1.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="End of top edge coverage")
+    span_right_start: float = Field(default=0.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="Start of right edge coverage")
+    span_right_end: float = Field(default=1.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="End of right edge coverage")
+    span_bottom_start: float = Field(default=0.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="Start of bottom edge coverage")
+    span_bottom_end: float = Field(default=1.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="End of bottom edge coverage")
+    span_left_start: float = Field(default=0.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="Start of left edge coverage")
+    span_left_end: float = Field(default=1.0, ge=0.0, le=1.0, description="End of left edge coverage")
+
+
+class CalibrationTestModeRequest(BaseModel):
+    """Request to set calibration test mode with multiple edges."""
+
+    edges: Dict[str, List[int]] = Field(
+        default_factory=dict,
+        description="Map of active edge names to RGB colors. "
+                    "E.g. {'top': [255, 0, 0], 'left': [255, 255, 0]}. "
+                    "Empty dict = exit test mode."
+    )
+
+
+class CalibrationTestModeResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Response for calibration test mode."""
+
+    test_mode: bool = Field(description="Whether test mode is active")
+    active_edges: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list, description="Currently lit edges")
+    device_id: str = Field(description="Device ID")
+
+
+class DeviceResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Device information response."""
+
+    id: str = Field(description="Device ID")
+    name: str = Field(description="Device name")
+    url: str = Field(description="WLED device URL")
+    led_count: int = Field(description="Total number of LEDs")
+    enabled: bool = Field(description="Whether device is enabled")
+    status: Literal["connected", "disconnected", "error"] = Field(
+        description="Connection status"
+    )
+    settings: ProcessingSettings = Field(description="Processing settings")
+    calibration: Optional[Calibration] = Field(None, description="Calibration configuration")
+    picture_source_id: str = Field(default="", description="ID of assigned picture source")
+    created_at: datetime = Field(description="Creation timestamp")
+    updated_at: datetime = Field(description="Last update timestamp")
+
+
+class DeviceListResponse(BaseModel):
+    """List of devices response."""
+
+    devices: List[DeviceResponse] = Field(description="List of devices")
+    count: int = Field(description="Number of devices")
+
+
+class ProcessingState(BaseModel):
+    """Processing state for a device."""
+
+    device_id: str = Field(description="Device ID")
+    processing: bool = Field(description="Whether processing is active")
+    fps_actual: Optional[float] = Field(None, description="Actual FPS achieved")
+    fps_target: int = Field(description="Target FPS")
+    display_index: int = Field(description="Current display index")
+    last_update: Optional[datetime] = Field(None, description="Last successful update")
+    errors: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list, description="Recent errors")
+    wled_online: bool = Field(default=False, description="Whether WLED device is reachable")
+    wled_latency_ms: Optional[float] = Field(None, description="WLED health check latency in ms")
+    wled_name: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="WLED device name")
+    wled_version: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="WLED firmware version")
+    wled_led_count: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="LED count reported by WLED device")
+    wled_rgbw: Optional[bool] = Field(None, description="Whether WLED device uses RGBW LEDs")
+    wled_led_type: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="LED chip type (e.g. WS2812B, SK6812 RGBW)")
+    wled_last_checked: Optional[datetime] = Field(None, description="Last health check time")
+    wled_error: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Last health check error")
+
+
+class MetricsResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Device metrics response."""
+
+    device_id: str = Field(description="Device ID")
+    processing: bool = Field(description="Whether processing is active")
+    fps_actual: Optional[float] = Field(None, description="Actual FPS")
+    fps_target: int = Field(description="Target FPS")
+    uptime_seconds: float = Field(description="Processing uptime in seconds")
+    frames_processed: int = Field(description="Total frames processed")
+    errors_count: int = Field(description="Total error count")
+    last_error: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Last error message")
+    last_update: Optional[datetime] = Field(None, description="Last update timestamp")

server/src/wled_controller/api/schemas/filters.py

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""Filter-related schemas."""
+
+from typing import Any, Dict, List
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+
+class FilterInstanceSchema(BaseModel):
+    """A single filter instance with its configuration."""
+
+    filter_id: str = Field(description="Filter type identifier")
+    options: Dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict, description="Filter-specific options")
+
+
+class FilterOptionDefSchema(BaseModel):
+    """Describes a configurable option for a filter type."""
+
+    key: str = Field(description="Option key")
+    label: str = Field(description="Display label")
+    type: str = Field(description="Option type (float or int)")
+    default: Any = Field(description="Default value")
+    min_value: Any = Field(description="Minimum value")
+    max_value: Any = Field(description="Maximum value")
+    step: Any = Field(description="Step increment")
+
+
+class FilterTypeResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Available filter type with its options schema."""
+
+    filter_id: str = Field(description="Filter type identifier")
+    filter_name: str = Field(description="Display name")
+    options_schema: List[FilterOptionDefSchema] = Field(description="Configurable options")
+
+
+class FilterTypeListResponse(BaseModel):
+    """List of available filter types."""
+
+    filters: List[FilterTypeResponse] = Field(description="Available filter types")
+    count: int = Field(description="Number of filter types")

server/src/wled_controller/api/schemas/picture_sources.py

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+"""Picture source schemas."""
+
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import List, Literal, Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+
+class PictureSourceCreate(BaseModel):
+    """Request to create a picture source."""
+
+    name: str = Field(description="Stream name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
+    stream_type: Literal["raw", "processed", "static_image"] = Field(description="Stream type")
+    display_index: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Display index (raw streams)", ge=0)
+    capture_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Capture template ID (raw streams)")
+    target_fps: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Target FPS (raw streams)", ge=10, le=90)
+    source_stream_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Source stream ID (processed streams)")
+    postprocessing_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Postprocessing template ID (processed streams)")
+    image_source: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Image URL or file path (static_image streams)")
+    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Stream description", max_length=500)
+
+
+class PictureSourceUpdate(BaseModel):
+    """Request to update a picture source."""
+
+    name: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Stream name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
+    display_index: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Display index (raw streams)", ge=0)
+    capture_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Capture template ID (raw streams)")
+    target_fps: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Target FPS (raw streams)", ge=10, le=90)
+    source_stream_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Source stream ID (processed streams)")
+    postprocessing_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Postprocessing template ID (processed streams)")
+    image_source: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Image URL or file path (static_image streams)")
+    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Stream description", max_length=500)
+
+
+class PictureSourceResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Picture source information response."""
+
+    id: str = Field(description="Stream ID")
+    name: str = Field(description="Stream name")
+    stream_type: str = Field(description="Stream type (raw, processed, or static_image)")
+    display_index: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Display index")
+    capture_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Capture template ID")
+    target_fps: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Target FPS")
+    source_stream_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Source stream ID")
+    postprocessing_template_id: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Postprocessing template ID")
+    image_source: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Image URL or file path")
+    created_at: datetime = Field(description="Creation timestamp")
+    updated_at: datetime = Field(description="Last update timestamp")
+    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Stream description")
+
+
+class PictureSourceListResponse(BaseModel):
+    """List of picture sources response."""
+
+    streams: List[PictureSourceResponse] = Field(description="List of picture sources")
+    count: int = Field(description="Number of streams")
+
+
+class PictureSourceTestRequest(BaseModel):
+    """Request to test a picture source."""
+
+    capture_duration: float = Field(default=5.0, ge=1.0, le=30.0, description="Duration to capture in seconds")
+    border_width: int = Field(default=10, ge=1, le=100, description="Border width in pixels for preview")
+
+
+class ImageValidateRequest(BaseModel):
+    """Request to validate an image source (URL or file path)."""
+
+    image_source: str = Field(description="Image URL or local file path")
+
+
+class ImageValidateResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Response from image validation."""
+
+    valid: bool = Field(description="Whether the image source is accessible and valid")
+    width: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Image width in pixels")
+    height: Optional[int] = Field(None, description="Image height in pixels")
+    preview: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Base64-encoded JPEG thumbnail")
+    error: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Error message if invalid")

server/src/wled_controller/api/schemas/postprocessing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+"""Postprocessing template schemas."""
+
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from .filters import FilterInstanceSchema
+
+
+class PostprocessingTemplateCreate(BaseModel):
+    """Request to create a postprocessing template."""
+
+    name: str = Field(description="Template name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
+    filters: List[FilterInstanceSchema] = Field(default_factory=list, description="Ordered list of filter instances")
+    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description", max_length=500)
+
+
+class PostprocessingTemplateUpdate(BaseModel):
+    """Request to update a postprocessing template."""
+
+    name: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
+    filters: Optional[List[FilterInstanceSchema]] = Field(None, description="Ordered list of filter instances")
+    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description", max_length=500)
+
+
+class PostprocessingTemplateResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Postprocessing template information response."""
+
+    id: str = Field(description="Template ID")
+    name: str = Field(description="Template name")
+    filters: List[FilterInstanceSchema] = Field(description="Ordered list of filter instances")
+    created_at: datetime = Field(description="Creation timestamp")
+    updated_at: datetime = Field(description="Last update timestamp")
+    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description")
+
+
+class PostprocessingTemplateListResponse(BaseModel):
+    """List of postprocessing templates response."""
+
+    templates: List[PostprocessingTemplateResponse] = Field(description="List of postprocessing templates")
+    count: int = Field(description="Number of templates")
+
+
+class PPTemplateTestRequest(BaseModel):
+    """Request to test a postprocessing template against a source stream."""
+
+    source_stream_id: str = Field(description="ID of the source picture source to capture from")
+    capture_duration: float = Field(default=5.0, ge=1.0, le=30.0, description="Duration to capture in seconds")

server/src/wled_controller/api/schemas/system.py

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"""System-related schemas (health, version, displays)."""
+
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import List, Literal
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+
+class HealthResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Health check response."""
+
+    status: Literal["healthy", "unhealthy"] = Field(description="Service health status")
+    timestamp: datetime = Field(description="Current server time")
+    version: str = Field(description="Application version")
+
+
+class VersionResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Version information response."""
+
+    version: str = Field(description="Application version")
+    python_version: str = Field(description="Python version")
+    api_version: str = Field(description="API version")
+
+
+class DisplayInfo(BaseModel):
+    """Display/monitor information."""
+
+    index: int = Field(description="Display index")
+    name: str = Field(description="Display name")
+    width: int = Field(description="Display width in pixels")
+    height: int = Field(description="Display height in pixels")
+    x: int = Field(description="Display X position")
+    y: int = Field(description="Display Y position")
+    is_primary: bool = Field(default=False, description="Whether this is the primary display")
+    refresh_rate: int = Field(description="Display refresh rate in Hz")
+
+
+class DisplayListResponse(BaseModel):
+    """List of available displays."""
+
+    displays: List[DisplayInfo] = Field(description="Available displays")
+    count: int = Field(description="Number of displays")

server/src/wled_controller/api/schemas/templates.py

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+"""Capture template and engine schemas."""
+
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+
+class TemplateCreate(BaseModel):
+    """Request to create a capture template."""
+
+    name: str = Field(description="Template name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
+    engine_type: str = Field(description="Engine type (e.g., 'mss', 'dxcam', 'wgc')", min_length=1)
+    engine_config: Dict = Field(default_factory=dict, description="Engine-specific configuration")
+    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description", max_length=500)
+
+
+class TemplateUpdate(BaseModel):
+    """Request to update a template."""
+
+    name: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template name", min_length=1, max_length=100)
+    engine_type: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Capture engine type (mss, dxcam, wgc)")
+    engine_config: Optional[Dict] = Field(None, description="Engine-specific configuration")
+    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description", max_length=500)
+
+
+class TemplateResponse(BaseModel):
+    """Template information response."""
+
+    id: str = Field(description="Template ID")
+    name: str = Field(description="Template name")
+    engine_type: str = Field(description="Engine type identifier")
+    engine_config: Dict = Field(description="Engine-specific configuration")
+    created_at: datetime = Field(description="Creation timestamp")
+    updated_at: datetime = Field(description="Last update timestamp")
+    description: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="Template description")
+
+
+class TemplateListResponse(BaseModel):
+    """List of templates response."""
+
+    templates: List[TemplateResponse] = Field(description="List of templates")
+    count: int = Field(description="Number of templates")
+
+
+class EngineInfo(BaseModel):
+    """Capture engine information."""
+
+    type: str = Field(description="Engine type identifier (e.g., 'mss', 'dxcam')")
+    name: str = Field(description="Human-readable engine name")
+    default_config: Dict = Field(description="Default configuration for this engine")
+    available: bool = Field(description="Whether engine is available on this system")
+
+
+class EngineListResponse(BaseModel):
+    """List of available engines response."""
+
+    engines: List[EngineInfo] = Field(description="Available capture engines")
+    count: int = Field(description="Number of engines")
+
+
+class TemplateAssignment(BaseModel):
+    """Request to assign template to device."""
+
+    template_id: str = Field(description="Template ID to assign")
+
+
+class TemplateTestRequest(BaseModel):
+    """Request to test a capture template."""
+
+    engine_type: str = Field(description="Capture engine type to test")
+    engine_config: Dict = Field(default={}, description="Engine configuration")
+    display_index: int = Field(description="Display index to capture")
+    border_width: int = Field(default=10, ge=1, le=100, description="Border width in pixels")
+    capture_duration: float = Field(default=5.0, ge=1.0, le=30.0, description="Duration to capture in seconds")

server/src/wled_controller/config.py

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class StorageConfig(BaseSettings):
     devices_file: str = "data/devices.json"
     templates_file: str = "data/capture_templates.json"
     postprocessing_templates_file: str = "data/postprocessing_templates.json"
-    picture_streams_file: str = "data/picture_streams.json"
+    picture_sources_file: str = "data/picture_sources.json"
 
 
 class LoggingConfig(BaseSettings):

server/src/wled_controller/core/calibration.py

@@ -349,9 +349,6 @@ def create_default_calibration(led_count: int) -> CalibrationConfig:
 def calibration_from_dict(data: dict) -> CalibrationConfig:
     """Create calibration configuration from dictionary.
 
-    Supports both new format (leds_top/right/bottom/left) and legacy format
-    (segments list) for backward compatibility.
-
     Args:
         data: Dictionary with calibration data
 

server/src/wled_controller/core/capture_engines/__init__.py

@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@
 
 from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.base import (
     CaptureEngine,
+    CaptureStream,
     DisplayInfo,
     ScreenCapture,
 )
 from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.factory import EngineRegistry
-from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.mss_engine import MSSEngine
+from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.mss_engine import MSSEngine, MSSCaptureStream
-from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.dxcam_engine import DXcamEngine
+from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.dxcam_engine import DXcamEngine, DXcamCaptureStream
-from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.bettercam_engine import BetterCamEngine
+from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.bettercam_engine import BetterCamEngine, BetterCamCaptureStream
-from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.wgc_engine import WGCEngine
+from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.wgc_engine import WGCEngine, WGCCaptureStream
 
 # Auto-register available engines
 EngineRegistry.register(MSSEngine)
@@ -19,11 +20,16 @@ EngineRegistry.register(WGCEngine)
 
 __all__ = [
     "CaptureEngine",
+    "CaptureStream",
     "DisplayInfo",
     "ScreenCapture",
     "EngineRegistry",
     "MSSEngine",
+    "MSSCaptureStream",
     "DXcamEngine",
+    "DXcamCaptureStream",
     "BetterCamEngine",
+    "BetterCamCaptureStream",
     "WGCEngine",
+    "WGCCaptureStream",
 ]

server/src/wled_controller/core/capture_engines/base.py

@@ -31,31 +31,33 @@ class ScreenCapture:
     display_index: int
 
 
-class CaptureEngine(ABC):
+class CaptureStream(ABC):
-    """Abstract base class for screen capture engines.
+    """Abstract base class for a display capture session.
 
-    All screen capture engines must implement this interface to be
+    A CaptureStream is a stateful session bound to a specific display.
-    compatible with the WLED Grab system.
+    It holds all display-specific resources and provides frame capture.
+
+    Created by CaptureEngine.create_stream().
+
+    Lifecycle:
+        stream = engine.create_stream(display_index, config)
+        stream.initialize()
+        frame = stream.capture_frame()
+        stream.cleanup()
+
+    Or via context manager:
+        with engine.create_stream(display_index, config) as stream:
+            frame = stream.capture_frame()
     """
 
-    ENGINE_TYPE: str = "base"  # Override in subclasses
+    def __init__(self, display_index: int, config: Dict[str, Any]):
-    ENGINE_PRIORITY: int = 0  # Higher = preferred. Override in subclasses.
+        self.display_index = display_index
-
-    def __init__(self, config: Dict[str, Any]):
-        """Initialize engine with configuration.
-
-        Args:
-            config: Engine-specific configuration dict
-        """
         self.config = config
         self._initialized = False
 
     @abstractmethod
     def initialize(self) -> None:
-        """Initialize the capture engine.
+        """Initialize capture resources for this display.
-
-        This method should prepare any resources needed for screen capture
-        (e.g., creating capture objects, allocating buffers).
 
         Raises:
             RuntimeError: If initialization fails
@@ -64,17 +66,64 @@ class CaptureEngine(ABC):
 
     @abstractmethod
     def cleanup(self) -> None:
-        """Cleanup engine resources.
+        """Release all capture resources for this display."""
-
-        This method should release any resources allocated during
-        initialization or capture operations.
-        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def get_available_displays(self) -> List[DisplayInfo]:
+    def capture_frame(self) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
+        """Capture one frame from the bound display.
+
+        Returns:
+            ScreenCapture with image data (RGB), or None if screen unchanged.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: If capture fails
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """Context manager entry - initialize stream."""
+        self.initialize()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        """Context manager exit - cleanup stream."""
+        self.cleanup()
+
+
+class CaptureEngine(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for screen capture engines.
+
+    A CaptureEngine is a stateless factory that knows about a capture
+    technology. It can enumerate displays, check availability, and create
+    CaptureStream instances for specific displays.
+
+    All methods are classmethods — no instance creation needed.
+    """
+
+    ENGINE_TYPE: str = "base"
+    ENGINE_PRIORITY: int = 0
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_available(cls) -> bool:
+        """Check if this engine is available on current system."""
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_default_config(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get default configuration for this engine."""
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_available_displays(cls) -> List[DisplayInfo]:
         """Get list of available displays.
 
+        This method works without prior initialization — implementations
+        create temporary resources as needed.
+
         Returns:
             List of DisplayInfo objects describing available displays
 
@@ -83,61 +132,17 @@ class CaptureEngine(ABC):
         """
         pass
 
+    @classmethod
     @abstractmethod
-    def capture_display(self, display_index: int) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
+    def create_stream(cls, display_index: int, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> CaptureStream:
-        """Capture the specified display.
+        """Create a capture stream for the specified display.
 
         Args:
             display_index: Index of display to capture (0-based)
+            config: Engine-specific configuration dict
 
         Returns:
-            ScreenCapture object with image data as numpy array (RGB format),
+            Uninitialized CaptureStream. Caller must call initialize()
-            or None if no new frame is available (screen unchanged).
+            or use as context manager.
-
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: If display_index is invalid
-            RuntimeError: If capture fails
         """
         pass
-
-    @classmethod
-    @abstractmethod
-    def is_available(cls) -> bool:
-        """Check if this engine is available on current system.
-
-        Returns:
-            True if engine can be used on this platform
-
-        Examples:
-            >>> MSSEngine.is_available()
-            True  # MSS is available on all platforms
-            >>> DXcamEngine.is_available()
-            True  # On Windows 8.1+
-            False  # On Linux/macOS
-        """
-        pass
-
-    @classmethod
-    @abstractmethod
-    def get_default_config(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        """Get default configuration for this engine.
-
-        Returns:
-            Default config dict with engine-specific options
-
-        Examples:
-            >>> MSSEngine.get_default_config()
-            {}
-            >>> DXcamEngine.get_default_config()
-            {'device_idx': 0, 'output_color': 'RGB', 'max_buffer_len': 64}
-        """
-        pass
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        """Context manager entry - initialize engine."""
-        self.initialize()
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
-        """Context manager exit - cleanup engine."""
-        self.cleanup()

server/src/wled_controller/core/capture_engines/bettercam_engine.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import numpy as np
 
 from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.base import (
     CaptureEngine,
+    CaptureStream,
     DisplayInfo,
     ScreenCapture,
 )
@@ -15,32 +16,15 @@ from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
-class BetterCamEngine(CaptureEngine):
+class BetterCamCaptureStream(CaptureStream):
-    """BetterCam-based screen capture engine.
+    """BetterCam capture stream for a specific display."""
 
-    Uses the bettercam library (a high-performance fork of DXCam) which leverages
+    def __init__(self, display_index: int, config: Dict[str, Any]):
-    DXGI Desktop Duplication API for ultra-fast screen capture on Windows.
+        super().__init__(display_index, config)
-    Offers better performance than DXCam with multi-GPU support.
-
-    Requires: Windows 8.1+
-    """
-
-    ENGINE_TYPE = "bettercam"
-    ENGINE_PRIORITY = 4
-
-    def __init__(self, config: Dict[str, Any]):
-        """Initialize BetterCam engine."""
-        super().__init__(config)
         self._camera = None
         self._bettercam = None
-        self._current_output = None
 
     def initialize(self) -> None:
-        """Initialize BetterCam capture.
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If bettercam not installed or initialization fails
-        """
         try:
             import bettercam
             self._bettercam = bettercam
@@ -49,49 +33,24 @@ class BetterCamEngine(CaptureEngine):
                 "BetterCam not installed. Install with: pip install bettercam"
             )
 
-        self._initialized = True
+        # Clear global camera cache for fresh DXGI state
-        logger.info("BetterCam engine initialized")
-
-    def _ensure_camera(self, display_index: int) -> None:
-        """Ensure camera is created for the requested display.
-
-        Creates or recreates the BetterCam camera if needed.
-        """
-        if self._camera and self._current_output == display_index:
-            return
-
-        # Stop and release existing camera
-        if self._camera:
-            try:
-                if self._camera.is_capturing:
-                    self._camera.stop()
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-            try:
-                self._camera.release()
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-            self._camera = None
-
-        # Clear global camera cache to avoid stale DXGI state
         try:
             self._bettercam.__factory.clean_up()
         except Exception:
             pass
 
         self._camera = self._bettercam.create(
-            output_idx=display_index,
+            output_idx=self.display_index,
             output_color="RGB",
         )
 
         if not self._camera:
-            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create BetterCam camera for display {display_index}")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create BetterCam camera for display {self.display_index}")
 
-        self._current_output = display_index
+        self._initialized = True
-        logger.info(f"BetterCam camera created (output={display_index})")
+        logger.info(f"BetterCam capture stream initialized (display={self.display_index})")
 
     def cleanup(self) -> None:
-        """Cleanup BetterCam resources."""
         if self._camera:
             try:
                 if self._camera.is_capturing:
@@ -104,94 +63,27 @@ class BetterCamEngine(CaptureEngine):
                 logger.error(f"Error releasing BetterCam camera: {e}")
             self._camera = None
 
-        # Clear global cache so next create() gets fresh DXGI state
         if self._bettercam:
             try:
                 self._bettercam.__factory.clean_up()
             except Exception:
                 pass
 
-        self._current_output = None
         self._initialized = False
-        logger.info("BetterCam engine cleaned up")
+        logger.info(f"BetterCam capture stream cleaned up (display={self.display_index})")
 
-    def get_available_displays(self) -> List[DisplayInfo]:
+    def capture_frame(self) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
-        """Get list of available displays using BetterCam.
-
-        Returns:
-            List of DisplayInfo objects
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If not initialized or detection fails
-        """
-        if not self._initialized:
-            raise RuntimeError("Engine not initialized")
-
-        try:
-            displays = []
-            output_idx = self._current_output or 0
-
-            if self._camera and hasattr(self._camera, "width") and hasattr(self._camera, "height"):
-                display_info = DisplayInfo(
-                    index=output_idx,
-                    name=f"BetterCam Display {output_idx}",
-                    width=self._camera.width,
-                    height=self._camera.height,
-                    x=0,
-                    y=0,
-                    is_primary=(output_idx == 0),
-                    refresh_rate=60,
-                )
-                displays.append(display_info)
-            else:
-                display_info = DisplayInfo(
-                    index=output_idx,
-                    name=f"BetterCam Display {output_idx}",
-                    width=1920,
-                    height=1080,
-                    x=0,
-                    y=0,
-                    is_primary=(output_idx == 0),
-                    refresh_rate=60,
-                )
-                displays.append(display_info)
-
-            logger.debug(f"BetterCam detected {len(displays)} display(s)")
-            return displays
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to detect displays with BetterCam: {e}")
-            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to detect displays: {e}")
-
-    def capture_display(self, display_index: int) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
-        """Capture display using BetterCam.
-
-        Args:
-            display_index: Index of display to capture (0-based).
-
-        Returns:
-            ScreenCapture object with image data, or None if screen unchanged.
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If capture fails
-        """
-        # Auto-initialize if not already initialized
         if not self._initialized:
             self.initialize()
 
-        # Ensure camera is ready for the requested display
-        self._ensure_camera(display_index)
-
         try:
-            # grab() uses AcquireNextFrame with timeout=0 (non-blocking).
-            # Returns None if screen content hasn't changed since last grab.
             frame = self._camera.grab()
 
             if frame is None:
                 return None
 
             logger.debug(
-                f"BetterCam captured display {display_index}: "
+                f"BetterCam captured display {self.display_index}: "
                 f"{frame.shape[1]}x{frame.shape[0]}"
             )
 
@@ -199,27 +91,32 @@ class BetterCamEngine(CaptureEngine):
                 image=frame,
                 width=frame.shape[1],
                 height=frame.shape[0],
-                display_index=display_index,
+                display_index=self.display_index,
             )
 
         except ValueError:
             raise
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to capture display {display_index} with BetterCam: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to capture display {self.display_index} with BetterCam: {e}")
             raise RuntimeError(f"Screen capture failed: {e}")
 
+
+class BetterCamEngine(CaptureEngine):
+    """BetterCam-based screen capture engine.
+
+    Uses the bettercam library (a high-performance fork of DXCam) which leverages
+    DXGI Desktop Duplication API for ultra-fast screen capture on Windows.
+
+    Requires: Windows 8.1+
+    """
+
+    ENGINE_TYPE = "bettercam"
+    ENGINE_PRIORITY = 4
+
     @classmethod
     def is_available(cls) -> bool:
-        """Check if BetterCam is available.
-
-        BetterCam requires Windows 8.1+ and the bettercam package.
-
-        Returns:
-            True if bettercam is available on this system
-        """
         if sys.platform != "win32":
             return False
-
         try:
             import bettercam
             return True
@@ -228,9 +125,34 @@ class BetterCamEngine(CaptureEngine):
 
     @classmethod
     def get_default_config(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        """Get default BetterCam configuration.
-
-        Returns:
-            Default config dict with BetterCam options
-        """
         return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_available_displays(cls) -> List[DisplayInfo]:
+        try:
+            import mss
+
+            displays = []
+            with mss.mss() as sct:
+                for i, monitor in enumerate(sct.monitors[1:], start=0):
+                    displays.append(DisplayInfo(
+                        index=i,
+                        name=f"Display {i}",
+                        width=monitor["width"],
+                        height=monitor["height"],
+                        x=monitor["left"],
+                        y=monitor["top"],
+                        is_primary=(i == 0),
+                        refresh_rate=60,
+                    ))
+
+            logger.debug(f"BetterCam detected {len(displays)} display(s)")
+            return displays
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to detect displays with BetterCam: {e}")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to detect displays: {e}")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_stream(cls, display_index: int, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> BetterCamCaptureStream:
+        return BetterCamCaptureStream(display_index, config)

server/src/wled_controller/core/capture_engines/dxcam_engine.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import numpy as np
 
 from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.base import (
     CaptureEngine,
+    CaptureStream,
     DisplayInfo,
     ScreenCapture,
 )
@@ -15,32 +16,15 @@ from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
-class DXcamEngine(CaptureEngine):
+class DXcamCaptureStream(CaptureStream):
-    """DXcam-based screen capture engine.
+    """DXcam capture stream for a specific display."""
 
-    Uses the dxcam library which leverages DXGI Desktop Duplication API for
+    def __init__(self, display_index: int, config: Dict[str, Any]):
-    ultra-fast screen capture on Windows. Offers significantly better performance
+        super().__init__(display_index, config)
-    than MSS and eliminates cursor flickering.
-
-    Requires: Windows 8.1+
-    """
-
-    ENGINE_TYPE = "dxcam"
-    ENGINE_PRIORITY = 3
-
-    def __init__(self, config: Dict[str, Any]):
-        """Initialize DXcam engine."""
-        super().__init__(config)
         self._camera = None
         self._dxcam = None
-        self._current_output = None
 
     def initialize(self) -> None:
-        """Initialize DXcam capture.
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If DXcam not installed or initialization fails
-        """
         try:
             import dxcam
             self._dxcam = dxcam
@@ -49,51 +33,24 @@ class DXcamEngine(CaptureEngine):
                 "DXcam not installed. Install with: pip install dxcam"
             )
 
-        self._initialized = True
+        # Clear global camera cache for fresh DXGI state
-        logger.info("DXcam engine initialized")
-
-    def _ensure_camera(self, display_index: int) -> None:
-        """Ensure camera is created for the requested display.
-
-        Creates or recreates the DXcam camera if needed.
-        DXcam caches cameras globally per (device, output). We clear the
-        cache before creating to avoid stale DXGI state from prior requests.
-        """
-        if self._camera and self._current_output == display_index:
-            return
-
-        # Stop and release existing camera
-        if self._camera:
-            try:
-                if self._camera.is_capturing:
-                    self._camera.stop()
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-            try:
-                self._camera.release()
-            except Exception:
-                pass
-            self._camera = None
-
-        # Clear dxcam's global camera cache to avoid stale DXGI state
         try:
             self._dxcam.__factory.clean_up()
         except Exception:
             pass
 
         self._camera = self._dxcam.create(
-            output_idx=display_index,
+            output_idx=self.display_index,
             output_color="RGB",
         )
 
         if not self._camera:
-            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create DXcam camera for display {display_index}")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create DXcam camera for display {self.display_index}")
 
-        self._current_output = display_index
+        self._initialized = True
-        logger.info(f"DXcam camera created (output={display_index})")
+        logger.info(f"DXcam capture stream initialized (display={self.display_index})")
 
     def cleanup(self) -> None:
-        """Cleanup DXcam resources."""
         if self._camera:
             try:
                 if self._camera.is_capturing:
@@ -106,104 +63,27 @@ class DXcamEngine(CaptureEngine):
                 logger.error(f"Error releasing DXcam camera: {e}")
             self._camera = None
 
-        # Clear dxcam's global cache so next create() gets fresh DXGI state
         if self._dxcam:
             try:
                 self._dxcam.__factory.clean_up()
             except Exception:
                 pass
 
-        self._current_output = None
         self._initialized = False
-        logger.info("DXcam engine cleaned up")
+        logger.info(f"DXcam capture stream cleaned up (display={self.display_index})")
 
-    def get_available_displays(self) -> List[DisplayInfo]:
+    def capture_frame(self) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
-        """Get list of available displays using DXcam.
-
-        Note: DXcam provides limited display enumeration. This method
-        returns basic information for the configured output.
-
-        Returns:
-            List of DisplayInfo objects
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If not initialized or detection fails
-        """
-        if not self._initialized:
-            raise RuntimeError("Engine not initialized")
-
-        try:
-            displays = []
-
-            # Get output information from DXcam
-            # Note: DXcam doesn't provide comprehensive display enumeration
-            # We report the single configured output
-            output_idx = self._current_output or 0
-
-            # DXcam camera has basic output info
-            if self._camera and hasattr(self._camera, "width") and hasattr(self._camera, "height"):
-                display_info = DisplayInfo(
-                    index=output_idx,
-                    name=f"DXcam Display {output_idx}",
-                    width=self._camera.width,
-                    height=self._camera.height,
-                    x=0,  # DXcam doesn't provide position info
-                    y=0,
-                    is_primary=(output_idx == 0),
-                    refresh_rate=60,  # DXcam doesn't report refresh rate
-                )
-                displays.append(display_info)
-            else:
-                # Fallback if camera doesn't have dimensions
-                display_info = DisplayInfo(
-                    index=output_idx,
-                    name=f"DXcam Display {output_idx}",
-                    width=1920,  # Reasonable default
-                    height=1080,
-                    x=0,
-                    y=0,
-                    is_primary=(output_idx == 0),
-                    refresh_rate=60,
-                )
-                displays.append(display_info)
-
-            logger.debug(f"DXcam detected {len(displays)} display(s)")
-            return displays
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to detect displays with DXcam: {e}")
-            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to detect displays: {e}")
-
-    def capture_display(self, display_index: int) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
-        """Capture display using DXcam.
-
-        Args:
-            display_index: Index of display to capture (0-based).
-
-        Returns:
-            ScreenCapture object with image data, or None if screen unchanged.
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If capture fails
-        """
-        # Auto-initialize if not already initialized
         if not self._initialized:
             self.initialize()
 
-        # Ensure camera is ready for the requested display
-        self._ensure_camera(display_index)
-
         try:
-            # grab() uses AcquireNextFrame with timeout=0 (non-blocking).
-            # Returns None if screen content hasn't changed since last grab.
             frame = self._camera.grab()
 
             if frame is None:
                 return None
 
-            # DXcam returns numpy array directly in configured color format
             logger.debug(
-                f"DXcam captured display {display_index}: "
+                f"DXcam captured display {self.display_index}: "
                 f"{frame.shape[1]}x{frame.shape[0]}"
             )
 
@@ -211,29 +91,32 @@ class DXcamEngine(CaptureEngine):
                 image=frame,
                 width=frame.shape[1],
                 height=frame.shape[0],
-                display_index=display_index,
+                display_index=self.display_index,
             )
 
         except ValueError:
             raise
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to capture display {display_index} with DXcam: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to capture display {self.display_index} with DXcam: {e}")
             raise RuntimeError(f"Screen capture failed: {e}")
 
+
+class DXcamEngine(CaptureEngine):
+    """DXcam-based screen capture engine.
+
+    Uses the dxcam library which leverages DXGI Desktop Duplication API for
+    ultra-fast screen capture on Windows.
+
+    Requires: Windows 8.1+
+    """
+
+    ENGINE_TYPE = "dxcam"
+    ENGINE_PRIORITY = 3
+
     @classmethod
     def is_available(cls) -> bool:
-        """Check if DXcam is available.
-
-        DXcam requires Windows 8.1+ and the dxcam package.
-
-        Returns:
-            True if dxcam is available on this system
-        """
-        # Check platform
         if sys.platform != "win32":
             return False
-
-        # Check if dxcam is installed
         try:
             import dxcam
             return True
@@ -242,9 +125,34 @@ class DXcamEngine(CaptureEngine):
 
     @classmethod
     def get_default_config(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        """Get default DXcam configuration.
-
-        Returns:
-            Default config dict with DXcam options
-        """
         return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_available_displays(cls) -> List[DisplayInfo]:
+        try:
+            import mss
+
+            displays = []
+            with mss.mss() as sct:
+                for i, monitor in enumerate(sct.monitors[1:], start=0):
+                    displays.append(DisplayInfo(
+                        index=i,
+                        name=f"Display {i}",
+                        width=monitor["width"],
+                        height=monitor["height"],
+                        x=monitor["left"],
+                        y=monitor["top"],
+                        is_primary=(i == 0),
+                        refresh_rate=60,
+                    ))
+
+            logger.debug(f"DXcam detected {len(displays)} display(s)")
+            return displays
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to detect displays with DXcam: {e}")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to detect displays: {e}")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_stream(cls, display_index: int, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> DXcamCaptureStream:
+        return DXcamCaptureStream(display_index, config)

server/src/wled_controller/core/capture_engines/factory.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Type
 
-from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.base import CaptureEngine
+from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.base import CaptureEngine, CaptureStream
 from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ logger = get_logger(__name__)
 class EngineRegistry:
     """Registry for available capture engines.
 
-    This class maintains a registry of all capture engine implementations
+    Maintains a registry of all capture engine implementations
-    and provides factory methods for creating engine instances.
+    and provides factory methods for creating capture streams.
     """
 
     _engines: Dict[str, Type[CaptureEngine]] = {}
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ class EngineRegistry:
 
         Raises:
             ValueError: If engine_class is not a subclass of CaptureEngine
-            ValueError: If an engine with the same ENGINE_TYPE is already registered
         """
         if not issubclass(engine_class, CaptureEngine):
             raise ValueError(f"{engine_class} must be a subclass of CaptureEngine")
@@ -66,12 +65,7 @@ class EngineRegistry:
         """Get list of available engine types on this system.
 
         Returns:
-            List of engine type identifiers that are available on the current platform
+            List of engine type identifiers that are available
-
-        Examples:
-            >>> EngineRegistry.get_available_engines()
-            ['mss']  # On Linux
-            ['mss', 'dxcam', 'wgc']  # On Windows 10+
         """
         available = []
         for engine_type, engine_class in cls._engines.items():
@@ -115,19 +109,27 @@ class EngineRegistry:
         return cls._engines.copy()
 
     @classmethod
-    def create_engine(cls, engine_type: str, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> CaptureEngine:
+    def create_stream(
-        """Create engine instance with configuration.
+        cls,
+        engine_type: str,
+        display_index: int,
+        config: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> CaptureStream:
+        """Create a CaptureStream for the specified engine and display.
+
+        Looks up the engine class, validates availability, and creates
+        an uninitialized CaptureStream for the specified display.
 
         Args:
             engine_type: Engine type identifier
+            display_index: Display index for the stream
             config: Engine-specific configuration
 
         Returns:
-            Initialized engine instance
+            Uninitialized CaptureStream instance
 
         Raises:
             ValueError: If engine type not found or not available
-            RuntimeError: If engine initialization fails
         """
         engine_class = cls.get_engine(engine_type)
 
@@ -137,18 +139,15 @@ class EngineRegistry:
             )
 
         try:
-            engine = engine_class(config)
+            stream = engine_class.create_stream(display_index, config)
-            logger.debug(f"Created engine instance: {engine_type}")
+            logger.debug(f"Created capture stream: {engine_type} (display={display_index})")
-            return engine
+            return stream
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to create engine '{engine_type}': {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to create stream for engine '{engine_type}': {e}")
-            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create engine '{engine_type}': {e}")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create stream for engine '{engine_type}': {e}")
 
     @classmethod
     def clear_registry(cls):
-        """Clear all registered engines.
+        """Clear all registered engines (for testing)."""
-
-        This is primarily useful for testing.
-        """
         cls._engines.clear()
         logger.debug("Cleared engine registry")

server/src/wled_controller/core/capture_engines/mss_engine.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """MSS-based screen capture engine (cross-platform)."""
 
-from typing import Any, Dict, List
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
 import mss
 import numpy as np
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from PIL import Image
 
 from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.base import (
     CaptureEngine,
+    CaptureStream,
     DisplayInfo,
     ScreenCapture,
 )
@@ -16,126 +17,43 @@ from wled_controller.utils import get_logger, get_monitor_names, get_monitor_ref
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
-class MSSEngine(CaptureEngine):
+class MSSCaptureStream(CaptureStream):
-    """MSS-based screen capture engine.
+    """MSS capture stream for a specific display."""
 
-    Uses the mss library for cross-platform screen capture support.
+    def __init__(self, display_index: int, config: Dict[str, Any]):
-    Works on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
+        super().__init__(display_index, config)
-
-    Note: May experience cursor flickering on some systems.
-    """
-
-    ENGINE_TYPE = "mss"
-    ENGINE_PRIORITY = 1
-
-    def __init__(self, config: Dict[str, Any]):
-        """Initialize MSS engine.
-
-        Args:
-            config: Engine configuration (currently unused for MSS)
-        """
-        super().__init__(config)
         self._sct = None
 
     def initialize(self) -> None:
-        """Initialize MSS capture context.
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If MSS initialization fails
-        """
         try:
             self._sct = mss.mss()
             self._initialized = True
-            logger.info("MSS engine initialized")
+            logger.info(f"MSS capture stream initialized (display={self.display_index})")
         except Exception as e:
             raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to initialize MSS: {e}")
 
     def cleanup(self) -> None:
-        """Cleanup MSS resources."""
         if self._sct:
             self._sct.close()
             self._sct = None
         self._initialized = False
-        logger.info("MSS engine cleaned up")
+        logger.info(f"MSS capture stream cleaned up (display={self.display_index})")
 
-    def get_available_displays(self) -> List[DisplayInfo]:
+    def capture_frame(self) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
-        """Get list of available displays using MSS.
-
-        Returns:
-            List of DisplayInfo objects for each available monitor
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If not initialized or display detection fails
-        """
-        if not self._initialized:
-            raise RuntimeError("Engine not initialized")
-
-        try:
-            # Get friendly monitor names (Windows only, falls back to generic names)
-            monitor_names = get_monitor_names()
-
-            # Get monitor refresh rates (Windows only, falls back to 60Hz)
-            refresh_rates = get_monitor_refresh_rates()
-
-            displays = []
-
-            # Skip the first monitor (combined virtual screen on multi-monitor setups)
-            for idx, monitor in enumerate(self._sct.monitors[1:], start=0):
-                # Use friendly name from WMI if available, otherwise generic name
-                friendly_name = monitor_names.get(idx, f"Display {idx}")
-
-                # Use detected refresh rate or default to 60Hz
-                refresh_rate = refresh_rates.get(idx, 60)
-
-                display_info = DisplayInfo(
-                    index=idx,
-                    name=friendly_name,
-                    width=monitor["width"],
-                    height=monitor["height"],
-                    x=monitor["left"],
-                    y=monitor["top"],
-                    is_primary=(idx == 0),
-                    refresh_rate=refresh_rate,
-                )
-                displays.append(display_info)
-
-            logger.debug(f"MSS detected {len(displays)} display(s)")
-            return displays
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to detect displays with MSS: {e}")
-            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to detect displays: {e}")
-
-    def capture_display(self, display_index: int) -> ScreenCapture:
-        """Capture display using MSS.
-
-        Args:
-            display_index: Index of display to capture (0-based)
-
-        Returns:
-            ScreenCapture object with image data
-
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: If display_index is invalid
-            RuntimeError: If capture fails
-        """
-        # Auto-initialize if not already initialized
         if not self._initialized:
             self.initialize()
 
         try:
             # mss monitors[0] is the combined screen, monitors[1+] are individual displays
-            monitor_index = display_index + 1
+            monitor_index = self.display_index + 1
 
             if monitor_index >= len(self._sct.monitors):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    f"Invalid display index {display_index}. "
+                    f"Invalid display index {self.display_index}. "
                     f"Available displays: 0-{len(self._sct.monitors) - 2}"
                 )
 
             monitor = self._sct.monitors[monitor_index]
-
-            # Capture screenshot
             screenshot = self._sct.grab(monitor)
 
             # Convert to numpy array (RGB)
@@ -143,31 +61,35 @@ class MSSEngine(CaptureEngine):
             img_array = np.array(img)
 
             logger.debug(
-                f"MSS captured display {display_index}: {monitor['width']}x{monitor['height']}"
+                f"MSS captured display {self.display_index}: {monitor['width']}x{monitor['height']}"
             )
 
             return ScreenCapture(
                 image=img_array,
                 width=monitor["width"],
                 height=monitor["height"],
-                display_index=display_index,
+                display_index=self.display_index,
             )
 
         except ValueError:
             raise
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to capture display {display_index} with MSS: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to capture display {self.display_index} with MSS: {e}")
             raise RuntimeError(f"Screen capture failed: {e}")
 
+
+class MSSEngine(CaptureEngine):
+    """MSS-based screen capture engine.
+
+    Uses the mss library for cross-platform screen capture support.
+    Works on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
+    """
+
+    ENGINE_TYPE = "mss"
+    ENGINE_PRIORITY = 1
+
     @classmethod
     def is_available(cls) -> bool:
-        """Check if MSS is available.
-
-        MSS is cross-platform and should always be available.
-
-        Returns:
-            True if mss library is available
-        """
         try:
             import mss
             return True
@@ -176,11 +98,38 @@ class MSSEngine(CaptureEngine):
 
     @classmethod
     def get_default_config(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        """Get default MSS configuration.
-
-        MSS has no configurable options.
-
-        Returns:
-            Empty dict (MSS has no configuration)
-        """
         return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_available_displays(cls) -> List[DisplayInfo]:
+        try:
+            monitor_names = get_monitor_names()
+            refresh_rates = get_monitor_refresh_rates()
+
+            displays = []
+            with mss.mss() as sct:
+                for idx, monitor in enumerate(sct.monitors[1:], start=0):
+                    friendly_name = monitor_names.get(idx, f"Display {idx}")
+                    refresh_rate = refresh_rates.get(idx, 60)
+
+                    displays.append(DisplayInfo(
+                        index=idx,
+                        name=friendly_name,
+                        width=monitor["width"],
+                        height=monitor["height"],
+                        x=monitor["left"],
+                        y=monitor["top"],
+                        is_primary=(idx == 0),
+                        refresh_rate=refresh_rate,
+                    ))
+
+            logger.debug(f"MSS detected {len(displays)} display(s)")
+            return displays
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to detect displays with MSS: {e}")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to detect displays: {e}")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_stream(cls, display_index: int, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> MSSCaptureStream:
+        return MSSCaptureStream(display_index, config)

server/src/wled_controller/core/capture_engines/wgc_engine.py

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
 
 import gc
 import sys
-import time
 import threading
-from typing import Any, Dict, List
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 
 from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.base import (
     CaptureEngine,
+    CaptureStream,
     DisplayInfo,
     ScreenCapture,
 )
@@ -18,54 +18,20 @@ from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
-class WGCEngine(CaptureEngine):
+class WGCCaptureStream(CaptureStream):
-    """Windows Graphics Capture engine.
+    """WGC capture stream for a specific display."""
 
-    Uses the windows-capture library which leverages Windows.Graphics.Capture API.
+    def __init__(self, display_index: int, config: Dict[str, Any]):
-    This is Microsoft's recommended modern screen capture API for Windows 10+.
+        super().__init__(display_index, config)
-
-    Features:
-    - Cross-GPU support (works regardless of GPU routing)
-    - Hardware cursor exclusion (no cursor flickering)
-    - GPU-accelerated with direct texture sharing
-    - Modern, future-proof API
-
-    Requires: Windows 10 1803+
-    """
-
-    ENGINE_TYPE = "wgc"
-    ENGINE_PRIORITY = 2
-
-    def __init__(self, config: Dict[str, Any]):
-        """Initialize WGC engine.
-
-        Args:
-            config: Engine configuration
-                - capture_cursor (bool): Include cursor in capture (default: False)
-                - draw_border (bool): Draw border around capture (default: False)
-
-        Note: monitor_index is NOT in config - WGC maintains separate instances per monitor
-              to support simultaneous capture from multiple monitors.
-        """
-        super().__init__(config)
         self._wgc = None
-        # Per-monitor capture instances: {monitor_index: (instance, control, frame, frame_event)}
+        self._capture_instance = None
-        self._monitor_captures = {}
+        self._capture_control = None
+        self._latest_frame = None
+        self._frame_event = threading.Event()
+        self._closed_event = threading.Event()
         self._frame_lock = threading.Lock()
 
-    def initialize(self, monitor_index: int = 0) -> None:
+    def initialize(self) -> None:
-        """Initialize WGC capture for a specific monitor.
-
-        Maintains separate capture instances per monitor to support simultaneous
-        capture from multiple monitors.
-
-        Args:
-            monitor_index: Monitor index to capture (0-based)
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If windows-capture not installed or initialization fails
-        """
-        # Import windows_capture if not already imported
         if self._wgc is None:
             try:
                 import windows_capture
@@ -75,249 +41,110 @@ class WGCEngine(CaptureEngine):
                     "windows-capture not installed. Install with: pip install windows-capture"
                 )
 
-        # Skip if already initialized for this monitor
-        if monitor_index in self._monitor_captures:
-            logger.debug(f"WGC already initialized for monitor {monitor_index}")
-            return
-
         try:
             capture_cursor = self.config.get("capture_cursor", False)
-            # Note: draw_border is not supported by WGC API on most platforms
 
-            # WGC uses 1-based monitor indexing (1, 2, 3...) while we use 0-based (0, 1, 2...)
+            # WGC uses 1-based monitor indexing
-            wgc_monitor_index = monitor_index + 1
+            wgc_monitor_index = self.display_index + 1
 
-            # Create per-monitor events and storage
+            self._capture_instance = self._wgc.WindowsCapture(
-            frame_event = threading.Event()
-            closed_event = threading.Event()
-            latest_frame = None
-
-            # Create capture instance
-            # Note: draw_border parameter not supported on all platforms
-            capture_instance = self._wgc.WindowsCapture(
                 cursor_capture=capture_cursor,
                 monitor_index=wgc_monitor_index,
             )
 
-            # Define event handlers as local functions that capture monitor_index
             def on_frame_arrived(frame, capture_control):
-                """Called when a new frame is captured."""
-                nonlocal latest_frame
                 try:
-                    logger.debug(f"WGC frame callback triggered for monitor {monitor_index}")
-
-                    # Get frame buffer as numpy array
                     frame_buffer = frame.frame_buffer
                     width = frame.width
                     height = frame.height
 
-                    # Reshape to image dimensions (height, width, channels)
+                    # WGC provides BGRA format, convert to RGB
-                    # WGC provides BGRA format
                     frame_array = frame_buffer.reshape((height, width, 4))
+                    frame_rgb = frame_array[:, :, [2, 1, 0]]
 
-                    # Convert BGRA to RGB
-                    frame_rgb = frame_array[:, :, [2, 1, 0]]  # Take BGR channels
-
-                    # Store the latest frame for this monitor
                     with self._frame_lock:
-                        if monitor_index in self._monitor_captures:
+                        self._latest_frame = frame_rgb.copy()
-                            self._monitor_captures[monitor_index]['latest_frame'] = frame_rgb.copy()
+                        self._frame_event.set()
-                            self._monitor_captures[monitor_index]['frame_event'].set()
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"Error processing WGC frame for monitor {monitor_index}: {e}", exc_info=True)
+                    logger.error(f"Error processing WGC frame: {e}", exc_info=True)
 
             def on_closed():
-                """Called when capture session is closed."""
+                logger.debug(f"WGC capture session closed for display {self.display_index}")
-                logger.debug(f"WGC capture session closed for monitor {monitor_index}")
+                self._closed_event.set()
-                # Signal that the capture session has fully closed and resources are released
-                with self._frame_lock:
-                    if monitor_index in self._monitor_captures:
-                        self._monitor_captures[monitor_index]['closed_event'].set()
 
-            # Set handlers directly as attributes
+            self._capture_instance.frame_handler = on_frame_arrived
-            capture_instance.frame_handler = on_frame_arrived
+            self._capture_instance.closed_handler = on_closed
-            capture_instance.closed_handler = on_closed
 
-            # Start capture using free-threaded mode (non-blocking)
+            logger.debug(f"Starting WGC capture for display {self.display_index} (free-threaded mode)...")
-            # IMPORTANT: start_free_threaded() returns a CaptureControl object for cleanup
+            self._capture_control = self._capture_instance.start_free_threaded()
-            logger.debug(f"Starting WGC capture for monitor {monitor_index} (free-threaded mode)...")
-            capture_control = capture_instance.start_free_threaded()
 
-            # Store all per-monitor data
+            # Wait for first frame
-            self._monitor_captures[monitor_index] = {
+            logger.debug(f"Waiting for first WGC frame from display {self.display_index}...")
-                'instance': capture_instance,
+            frame_received = self._frame_event.wait(timeout=5.0)
-                'control': capture_control,
-                'latest_frame': None,
-                'frame_event': frame_event,
-                'closed_event': closed_event,
-            }
 
-            # Wait for first frame to arrive (with timeout)
+            if not frame_received or self._latest_frame is None:
-            logger.debug(f"Waiting for first WGC frame from monitor {monitor_index}...")
+                self._cleanup_internal()
-            frame_received = frame_event.wait(timeout=5.0)
-
-            if not frame_received or self._monitor_captures[monitor_index]['latest_frame'] is None:
-                # Cleanup on failure
-                with self._frame_lock:
-                    if monitor_index in self._monitor_captures:
-                        del self._monitor_captures[monitor_index]
                 raise RuntimeError(
-                    f"WGC capture started for monitor {monitor_index} but no frames received within 5 seconds. "
+                    f"WGC capture started for display {self.display_index} but no frames received within 5 seconds."
-                    "This may indicate the capture session failed to start or "
-                    "the display is not actively updating."
                 )
 
+            self._initialized = True
             logger.info(
-                f"WGC engine initialized (monitor={monitor_index}, "
+                f"WGC capture stream initialized (display={self.display_index}, "
                 f"cursor={capture_cursor})"
             )
 
+        except RuntimeError:
+            raise
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to initialize WGC for monitor {monitor_index}: {e}", exc_info=True)
+            logger.error(f"Failed to initialize WGC for display {self.display_index}: {e}", exc_info=True)
-            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to initialize WGC for monitor {monitor_index}: {e}")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to initialize WGC for display {self.display_index}: {e}")
+
+    def _cleanup_internal(self) -> None:
+        """Internal cleanup helper."""
+        if self._capture_control:
+            try:
+                logger.debug(f"Stopping WGC capture thread for display {self.display_index}...")
+                self._capture_control.stop()
+                self._capture_control.wait()
+                logger.debug(f"WGC capture thread finished for display {self.display_index}")
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(f"Error during WGC capture control cleanup: {e}", exc_info=True)
+            self._capture_control = None
+
+        if self._capture_instance:
+            try:
+                del self._capture_instance
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+            self._capture_instance = None
+
+        self._frame_event.clear()
+        self._closed_event.clear()
+        self._latest_frame = None
 
     def cleanup(self) -> None:
-        """Cleanup WGC resources for all monitors."""
+        self._cleanup_internal()
-        # Proper cleanup for free-threaded captures:
+        self._initialized = False
-        # 1. Stop capture via CaptureControl.stop() (signals thread to stop)
-        # 2. Wait for thread to finish using CaptureControl.wait() (blocks until done)
-        # 3. Delete capture instance (releases COM objects)
-        # 4. Force garbage collection (ensures COM cleanup)
-
-        with self._frame_lock:
-            monitors_to_cleanup = list(self._monitor_captures.keys())
-
-        for monitor_index in monitors_to_cleanup:
-            logger.debug(f"Cleaning up WGC resources for monitor {monitor_index}...")
-
-            with self._frame_lock:
-                if monitor_index not in self._monitor_captures:
-                    continue
-                monitor_data = self._monitor_captures[monitor_index]
-
-            # Stop and wait for capture thread
-            capture_control = monitor_data.get('control')
-            if capture_control:
-                try:
-                    logger.debug(f"Stopping WGC capture thread for monitor {monitor_index}...")
-                    capture_control.stop()
-
-                    logger.debug(f"Waiting for WGC capture thread to finish (monitor {monitor_index})...")
-                    # This will block until the capture thread actually finishes
-                    capture_control.wait()
-                    logger.debug(f"WGC capture thread finished successfully for monitor {monitor_index}")
-                except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"Error during WGC capture control cleanup for monitor {monitor_index}: {e}", exc_info=True)
-
-            # Delete capture instance
-            capture_instance = monitor_data.get('instance')
-            if capture_instance:
-                try:
-                    logger.debug(f"Deleting WGC capture instance for monitor {monitor_index}...")
-                    del capture_instance
-                    logger.debug(f"WGC capture instance deleted for monitor {monitor_index}")
-                except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"Error deleting WGC capture instance for monitor {monitor_index}: {e}", exc_info=True)
-
-            # Clear events
-            frame_event = monitor_data.get('frame_event')
-            if frame_event:
-                frame_event.clear()
-
-            closed_event = monitor_data.get('closed_event')
-            if closed_event:
-                closed_event.clear()
-
-            # Remove from dictionary
-            with self._frame_lock:
-                if monitor_index in self._monitor_captures:
-                    del self._monitor_captures[monitor_index]
-
-            logger.info(f"WGC engine cleaned up for monitor {monitor_index}")
 
         # Force garbage collection to release COM objects
-        logger.debug("Running garbage collection for COM cleanup...")
         gc.collect()
-        logger.debug("Garbage collection completed")
+        logger.info(f"WGC capture stream cleaned up (display={self.display_index})")
 
-    def get_available_displays(self) -> List[DisplayInfo]:
+    def capture_frame(self) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
-        """Get list of available displays using MSS.
+        if not self._initialized:
-
+            self.initialize()
-        Note: WGC doesn't provide a direct API for enumerating monitors,
-        so we use MSS for display detection.
-
-        Returns:
-            List of DisplayInfo objects
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If detection fails
-        """
-        try:
-            import mss
-
-            with mss.mss() as sct:
-                displays = []
-                # Skip monitor 0 (all monitors combined)
-                for i, monitor in enumerate(sct.monitors[1:], start=0):
-                    displays.append(
-                        DisplayInfo(
-                            index=i,
-                            name=f"Monitor {i+1}",
-                            width=monitor["width"],
-                            height=monitor["height"],
-                            x=monitor["left"],
-                            y=monitor["top"],
-                            is_primary=(i == 0),
-                            refresh_rate=60,
-                        )
-                    )
-
-            logger.debug(f"WGC detected {len(displays)} display(s)")
-            return displays
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to detect displays: {e}")
-            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to detect displays: {e}")
-
-    def capture_display(self, display_index: int) -> ScreenCapture:
-        """Capture display using WGC.
-
-        WGC dynamically initializes for the requested display if needed.
-        Supports simultaneous capture from multiple monitors.
-
-        Args:
-            display_index: Index of display to capture (0-based)
-
-        Returns:
-            ScreenCapture object with image data
-
-        Raises:
-            RuntimeError: If initialization or capture fails
-        """
-        # Initialize for this monitor if not already initialized
-        self.initialize(display_index)
 
         try:
-            # Get the latest frame for this monitor
             with self._frame_lock:
-                if display_index not in self._monitor_captures:
+                if self._latest_frame is None:
                     raise RuntimeError(
-                        f"Monitor {display_index} not initialized. This should not happen."
+                        f"No frame available yet for display {self.display_index}."
                     )
-
+                frame = self._latest_frame.copy()
-                monitor_data = self._monitor_captures[display_index]
-                latest_frame = monitor_data.get('latest_frame')
-
-                if latest_frame is None:
-                    raise RuntimeError(
-                        f"No frame available yet for monitor {display_index}. "
-                        "The capture may not have started or the screen hasn't updated. "
-                        "Wait a moment and try again."
-                    )
-                frame = latest_frame.copy()
 
             logger.debug(
-                f"WGC captured display {display_index}: "
+                f"WGC captured display {self.display_index}: "
                 f"{frame.shape[1]}x{frame.shape[0]}"
             )
 
@@ -325,46 +152,51 @@ class WGCEngine(CaptureEngine):
                 image=frame,
                 width=frame.shape[1],
                 height=frame.shape[0],
-                display_index=display_index,
+                display_index=self.display_index,
             )
 
-        except ValueError:
+        except RuntimeError:
             raise
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to capture display {display_index} with WGC: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to capture display {self.display_index} with WGC: {e}")
             raise RuntimeError(f"Screen capture failed: {e}")
 
+
+class WGCEngine(CaptureEngine):
+    """Windows Graphics Capture engine.
+
+    Uses the windows-capture library which leverages Windows.Graphics.Capture API.
+    This is Microsoft's recommended modern screen capture API for Windows 10+.
+
+    Features:
+    - Cross-GPU support
+    - Hardware cursor exclusion
+    - GPU-accelerated with direct texture sharing
+
+    Requires: Windows 10 1803+
+    """
+
+    ENGINE_TYPE = "wgc"
+    ENGINE_PRIORITY = 2
+
     @classmethod
     def is_available(cls) -> bool:
-        """Check if WGC is available.
-
-        WGC requires Windows 10 1803+ and the windows-capture package.
-
-        Returns:
-            True if windows-capture is available on this system
-        """
-        # Check platform
         if sys.platform != "win32":
             return False
 
-        # Check Windows version (Windows 10 1803 = version 10.0.17134)
         try:
             import platform
             version = platform.version()
-            # Parse version string like "10.0.19045"
             parts = version.split(".")
             if len(parts) >= 3:
                 major = int(parts[0])
                 minor = int(parts[1])
                 build = int(parts[2])
-                # Check for Windows 10 1803+ (build 17134+)
                 if major < 10 or (major == 10 and minor == 0 and build < 17134):
                     return False
         except Exception:
-            # If we can't parse version, assume it might work
             pass
 
-        # Check if windows-capture is installed
         try:
             import windows_capture
             return True
@@ -373,15 +205,37 @@ class WGCEngine(CaptureEngine):
 
     @classmethod
     def get_default_config(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        """Get default WGC configuration.
-
-        Note: monitor_index is NOT in config - WGC dynamically initializes
-        for the requested monitor at capture time.
-
-        Returns:
-            Default config dict with WGC options
-        """
         return {
-            "capture_cursor": False,  # Exclude cursor (hardware exclusion)
+            "capture_cursor": False,
-            "draw_border": False,  # Don't draw border around capture
+            "draw_border": False,
         }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_available_displays(cls) -> List[DisplayInfo]:
+        try:
+            import mss
+
+            with mss.mss() as sct:
+                displays = []
+                for i, monitor in enumerate(sct.monitors[1:], start=0):
+                    displays.append(DisplayInfo(
+                        index=i,
+                        name=f"Monitor {i+1}",
+                        width=monitor["width"],
+                        height=monitor["height"],
+                        x=monitor["left"],
+                        y=monitor["top"],
+                        is_primary=(i == 0),
+                        refresh_rate=60,
+                    ))
+
+            logger.debug(f"WGC detected {len(displays)} display(s)")
+            return displays
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Failed to detect displays: {e}")
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to detect displays: {e}")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_stream(cls, display_index: int, config: Dict[str, Any]) -> WGCCaptureStream:
+        return WGCCaptureStream(display_index, config)

server/src/wled_controller/core/live_stream.py

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+"""Runtime live stream abstractions for frame production.
+
+LiveStream is the runtime counterpart of PictureSource (config/storage layer).
+Each PictureSource type maps to a LiveStream implementation:
+
+    ScreenCapturePictureSource  →  ScreenCaptureLiveStream
+    ProcessedPictureSource      →  ProcessedLiveStream
+    StaticImagePictureSource    →  StaticImageLiveStream
+
+LiveStreams are managed by LiveStreamManager which handles sharing and
+reference counting — multiple devices using the same PictureSource
+share a single LiveStream instance.
+"""
+
+import threading
+import time
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.base import CaptureStream, ScreenCapture
+from wled_controller.core.filters import ImagePool, PostprocessingFilter
+from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+
+class LiveStream(ABC):
+    """Abstract base for a runtime frame source.
+
+    A LiveStream produces frames at some frequency. Consumers call
+    get_latest_frame() to read the most recent frame (non-blocking).
+    """
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def target_fps(self) -> int:
+        """Frame rate this stream targets."""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def display_index(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """Display index being captured, or None for non-capture streams."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        """Start producing frames. Called once when the stream is first needed."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Stop producing frames and release resources."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_latest_frame(self) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
+        """Get the most recent frame.
+
+        Returns:
+            ScreenCapture with image data (RGB), or None if no frame available yet.
+        """
+
+
+class ScreenCaptureLiveStream(LiveStream):
+    """Live stream backed by a CaptureStream with a dedicated capture thread.
+
+    Runs a background thread that captures frames at the target FPS and stores
+    the latest frame under a lock. Consumers read the cached frame via
+    get_latest_frame() (non-blocking).
+
+    The dedicated thread naturally satisfies thread affinity requirements
+    for capture libraries (DXGI, GDI, WGC).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, capture_stream: CaptureStream, fps: int):
+        self._capture_stream = capture_stream
+        self._fps = fps
+        self._latest_frame: Optional[ScreenCapture] = None
+        self._frame_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._running = False
+        self._thread: Optional[threading.Thread] = None
+
+    @property
+    def target_fps(self) -> int:
+        return self._fps
+
+    @property
+    def display_index(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        return self._capture_stream.display_index
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        if self._running:
+            return
+
+        self._capture_stream.initialize()
+        self._running = True
+        self._thread = threading.Thread(
+            target=self._capture_loop,
+            name=f"live-capture-{self._capture_stream.display_index}",
+            daemon=True,
+        )
+        self._thread.start()
+        logger.info(
+            f"ScreenCaptureLiveStream started "
+            f"(display={self._capture_stream.display_index}, fps={self._fps})"
+        )
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        if not self._running:
+            return
+
+        self._running = False
+        if self._thread:
+            self._thread.join(timeout=5.0)
+            if self._thread.is_alive():
+                logger.warning("Capture thread did not terminate within 5s")
+            self._thread = None
+
+        self._capture_stream.cleanup()
+        self._latest_frame = None
+        logger.info(
+            f"ScreenCaptureLiveStream stopped "
+            f"(display={self._capture_stream.display_index})"
+        )
+
+    def get_latest_frame(self) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
+        with self._frame_lock:
+            return self._latest_frame
+
+    def _capture_loop(self) -> None:
+        frame_time = 1.0 / self._fps if self._fps > 0 else 1.0
+        while self._running:
+            loop_start = time.time()
+            try:
+                frame = self._capture_stream.capture_frame()
+                if frame is not None:
+                    with self._frame_lock:
+                        self._latest_frame = frame
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(f"Capture error (display={self._capture_stream.display_index}): {e}")
+
+            elapsed = time.time() - loop_start
+            sleep_time = max(0, frame_time - elapsed)
+            if sleep_time > 0:
+                time.sleep(sleep_time)
+
+
+class ProcessedLiveStream(LiveStream):
+    """Live stream that applies postprocessing filters to a source stream.
+
+    Reads frames from a source LiveStream and applies a chain of filters.
+    Uses identity caching — if the source frame hasn't changed, returns
+    the previously processed result without recomputing.
+
+    Thread-safe: a lock protects the filter application so concurrent
+    consumers don't duplicate work.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        source: LiveStream,
+        filters: List[PostprocessingFilter],
+    ):
+        self._source = source
+        self._filters = filters
+        self._image_pool = ImagePool()
+        self._process_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._cached_source_frame: Optional[ScreenCapture] = None
+        self._cached_result: Optional[ScreenCapture] = None
+
+    @property
+    def target_fps(self) -> int:
+        return self._source.target_fps
+
+    @property
+    def display_index(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        return self._source.display_index
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        # Source lifecycle managed by LiveStreamManager
+        pass
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        # Source lifecycle managed by LiveStreamManager
+        self._cached_source_frame = None
+        self._cached_result = None
+
+    def get_latest_frame(self) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
+        source_frame = self._source.get_latest_frame()
+        if source_frame is None:
+            return None
+
+        with self._process_lock:
+            # Identity cache: if source frame object hasn't changed, reuse result
+            if source_frame is self._cached_source_frame and self._cached_result is not None:
+                return self._cached_result
+
+            # Apply filters to a copy of the source image
+            image = source_frame.image.copy()
+            for f in self._filters:
+                result = f.process_image(image, self._image_pool)
+                if result is not None:
+                    image = result
+
+            processed = ScreenCapture(
+                image=image,
+                width=source_frame.width,
+                height=source_frame.height,
+                display_index=source_frame.display_index,
+            )
+            self._cached_source_frame = source_frame
+            self._cached_result = processed
+            return processed
+
+
+class StaticImageLiveStream(LiveStream):
+    """Live stream that always returns the same static image."""
+
+    def __init__(self, image: np.ndarray):
+        self._image = image
+        h, w = image.shape[:2]
+        self._frame = ScreenCapture(
+            image=image, width=w, height=h, display_index=-1
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def target_fps(self) -> int:
+        return 1
+
+    @property
+    def display_index(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        return None
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def get_latest_frame(self) -> Optional[ScreenCapture]:
+        return self._frame

server/src/wled_controller/core/live_stream_manager.py

@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+"""Shared live stream management with reference counting.
+
+LiveStreamManager creates LiveStream instances from PictureSource configs
+and shares them across multiple consumers (devices). When multiple devices
+reference the same PictureSource, they share a single LiveStream instance.
+
+Reference counting ensures streams are cleaned up when the last consumer
+releases them.
+"""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+
+import httpx
+import numpy as np
+
+from wled_controller.core.capture_engines import EngineRegistry
+from wled_controller.core.filters import FilterRegistry, PostprocessingFilter
+from wled_controller.core.live_stream import (
+    LiveStream,
+    ProcessedLiveStream,
+    ScreenCaptureLiveStream,
+    StaticImageLiveStream,
+)
+from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _LiveStreamEntry:
+    """Internal tracking entry for a managed live stream."""
+
+    live_stream: LiveStream
+    ref_count: int
+    # For ProcessedLiveStream: the source stream ID whose live stream we depend on.
+    # Used to recursively release the source when this stream's ref count hits 0.
+    source_stream_id: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class LiveStreamManager:
+    """Manages shared LiveStream instances with reference counting.
+
+    Multiple devices using the same PictureSource share a single LiveStream.
+    Streams are created on first acquire and cleaned up when the last
+    consumer releases.
+
+    For ProcessedPictureSources, the source stream is recursively acquired,
+    enabling sharing at every level of the stream chain.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, picture_source_store, capture_template_store=None, pp_template_store=None):
+        """Initialize the live stream manager.
+
+        Args:
+            picture_source_store: PictureSourceStore for resolving stream configs
+            capture_template_store: TemplateStore for resolving capture engine settings
+            pp_template_store: PostprocessingTemplateStore for resolving filter chains
+        """
+        self._picture_source_store = picture_source_store
+        self._capture_template_store = capture_template_store
+        self._pp_template_store = pp_template_store
+        self._streams: Dict[str, _LiveStreamEntry] = {}
+
+    def acquire(self, picture_source_id: str) -> LiveStream:
+        """Get or create a LiveStream for the given PictureSource config.
+
+        If a LiveStream already exists for this picture_source_id, increments
+        the reference count and returns the existing instance.
+
+        Otherwise, creates a new LiveStream from the PictureSource config,
+        starts it, and stores it with ref_count=1.
+
+        Args:
+            picture_source_id: ID of the PictureSource config
+
+        Returns:
+            LiveStream instance (shared if already exists)
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If PictureSource not found or config invalid
+            RuntimeError: If stream creation/start fails
+        """
+        if picture_source_id in self._streams:
+            entry = self._streams[picture_source_id]
+            entry.ref_count += 1
+            logger.info(
+                f"Reusing live stream for picture source {picture_source_id} "
+                f"(ref_count={entry.ref_count})"
+            )
+            return entry.live_stream
+
+        # Create new live stream from config
+        live_stream, source_stream_id = self._create_live_stream(picture_source_id)
+
+        try:
+            live_stream.start()
+        except Exception as e:
+            # If start fails, release any source dependency we acquired
+            if source_stream_id:
+                self.release(source_stream_id)
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Failed to start live stream for picture source {picture_source_id}: {e}"
+            )
+
+        self._streams[picture_source_id] = _LiveStreamEntry(
+            live_stream=live_stream,
+            ref_count=1,
+            source_stream_id=source_stream_id,
+        )
+
+        logger.info(f"Created live stream for picture source {picture_source_id}")
+        return live_stream
+
+    def release(self, picture_source_id: str) -> None:
+        """Release a reference to a LiveStream.
+
+        Decrements the reference count. When it reaches 0, stops the
+        LiveStream and removes it from the registry.
+
+        For ProcessedLiveStreams, recursively releases the source dependency.
+
+        Args:
+            picture_source_id: ID of the PictureSource to release
+        """
+        entry = self._streams.get(picture_source_id)
+        if not entry:
+            logger.warning(f"Attempted to release unknown live stream: {picture_source_id}")
+            return
+
+        entry.ref_count -= 1
+        logger.debug(
+            f"Released live stream {picture_source_id} (ref_count={entry.ref_count})"
+        )
+
+        if entry.ref_count <= 0:
+            # Stop and remove
+            try:
+                entry.live_stream.stop()
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(f"Error stopping live stream {picture_source_id}: {e}")
+
+            source_stream_id = entry.source_stream_id
+            del self._streams[picture_source_id]
+            logger.info(f"Removed live stream for picture source {picture_source_id}")
+
+            # Recursively release source dependency
+            if source_stream_id:
+                self.release(source_stream_id)
+
+    def release_all(self) -> None:
+        """Stop and remove all managed live streams. Safety net for shutdown."""
+        stream_ids = list(self._streams.keys())
+        for stream_id in stream_ids:
+            entry = self._streams.get(stream_id)
+            if entry:
+                try:
+                    entry.live_stream.stop()
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.error(f"Error stopping live stream {stream_id}: {e}")
+        self._streams.clear()
+        logger.info("Released all managed live streams")
+
+    def get_active_stream_ids(self) -> list:
+        """Get list of currently active stream IDs (for diagnostics)."""
+        return [
+            {"id": sid, "ref_count": entry.ref_count}
+            for sid, entry in self._streams.items()
+        ]
+
+    def _create_live_stream(self, picture_source_id: str) -> tuple:
+        """Create a LiveStream from a PictureSource config.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (LiveStream, source_stream_id or None)
+        """
+        from wled_controller.storage.picture_source import (
+            ProcessedPictureSource,
+            ScreenCapturePictureSource,
+            StaticImagePictureSource,
+        )
+
+        stream_config = self._picture_source_store.get_stream(picture_source_id)
+
+        if isinstance(stream_config, ScreenCapturePictureSource):
+            return self._create_screen_capture_live_stream(stream_config), None
+
+        elif isinstance(stream_config, ProcessedPictureSource):
+            return self._create_processed_live_stream(stream_config)
+
+        elif isinstance(stream_config, StaticImagePictureSource):
+            return self._create_static_image_live_stream(stream_config), None
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown picture source type: {type(stream_config)}")
+
+    def _create_screen_capture_live_stream(self, config) -> ScreenCaptureLiveStream:
+        """Create a ScreenCaptureLiveStream from a ScreenCapturePictureSource config."""
+        # Resolve capture engine from template
+        engine_type = "mss"
+        engine_config = {}
+
+        if config.capture_template_id and self._capture_template_store:
+            try:
+                tpl = self._capture_template_store.get_template(config.capture_template_id)
+                engine_type = tpl.engine_type
+                engine_config = tpl.engine_config
+            except ValueError:
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"Capture template {config.capture_template_id} not found, using MSS fallback"
+                )
+
+        capture_stream = EngineRegistry.create_stream(
+            engine_type, config.display_index, engine_config
+        )
+
+        return ScreenCaptureLiveStream(capture_stream, config.target_fps)
+
+    def _create_processed_live_stream(self, config) -> tuple:
+        """Create a ProcessedLiveStream from a ProcessedPictureSource config.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (ProcessedLiveStream, source_stream_id)
+        """
+        # Recursively acquire source stream (with ref counting)
+        source_stream_id = config.source_stream_id
+        source_live = self.acquire(source_stream_id)
+
+        # Resolve postprocessing filters
+        filters = []
+        if config.postprocessing_template_id and self._pp_template_store:
+            try:
+                pp = self._pp_template_store.get_template(config.postprocessing_template_id)
+                for fi in pp.filters:
+                    try:
+                        filters.append(
+                            FilterRegistry.create_instance(fi.filter_id, fi.options)
+                        )
+                    except ValueError as e:
+                        logger.warning(f"Skipping unknown filter '{fi.filter_id}': {e}")
+            except ValueError:
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"PP template {config.postprocessing_template_id} not found, no filters applied"
+                )
+
+        return ProcessedLiveStream(source_live, filters), source_stream_id
+
+    def _create_static_image_live_stream(self, config) -> StaticImageLiveStream:
+        """Create a StaticImageLiveStream from a StaticImagePictureSource config."""
+        image = self._load_static_image(config.image_source)
+        return StaticImageLiveStream(image)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _load_static_image(image_source: str) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Load a static image from URL or file path, return as RGB numpy array."""
+        from io import BytesIO
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        from PIL import Image
+
+        if image_source.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
+            response = httpx.get(image_source, timeout=15.0, follow_redirects=True)
+            response.raise_for_status()
+            pil_image = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content))
+        else:
+            path = Path(image_source)
+            if not path.exists():
+                raise FileNotFoundError(f"Image file not found: {image_source}")
+            pil_image = Image.open(path)
+
+        pil_image = pil_image.convert("RGB")
+        return np.array(pil_image)

server/src/wled_controller/core/processor_manager.py

@@ -1,24 +1,22 @@
 """Processing manager for coordinating screen capture and WLED updates."""
 
 import asyncio
-import concurrent.futures
 import time
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
 import httpx
+import numpy as np
 
 from wled_controller.core.calibration import (
     CalibrationConfig,
     PixelMapper,
     create_default_calibration,
 )
-import numpy as np
-
-from wled_controller.core.capture_engines import CaptureEngine, EngineRegistry
 from wled_controller.core.capture_engines.base import ScreenCapture
-from wled_controller.core.filters import FilterInstance, FilterRegistry, ImagePool, PostprocessingFilter
+from wled_controller.core.live_stream import LiveStream
+from wled_controller.core.live_stream_manager import LiveStreamManager
 from wled_controller.core.pixel_processor import smooth_colors
 from wled_controller.core.screen_capture import extract_border_pixels
 from wled_controller.core.wled_client import WLEDClient
@@ -93,11 +91,9 @@ class ProcessorState:
     led_count: int
     settings: ProcessingSettings
     calibration: CalibrationConfig
-    capture_template_id: str = ""
+    picture_source_id: str = ""
-    picture_stream_id: str = ""
     wled_client: Optional[WLEDClient] = None
     pixel_mapper: Optional[PixelMapper] = None
-    capture_engine: Optional[CaptureEngine] = None
     is_running: bool = False
     task: Optional[asyncio.Task] = None
     metrics: ProcessingMetrics = field(default_factory=ProcessingMetrics)
@@ -111,15 +107,8 @@ class ProcessorState:
     resolved_target_fps: Optional[int] = None
     resolved_engine_type: Optional[str] = None
     resolved_engine_config: Optional[dict] = None
-    resolved_filters: Optional[List[FilterInstance]] = None
+    # LiveStream: runtime frame source (shared via LiveStreamManager)
-    # Static image: cached frame for static_image streams (no engine needed)
+    live_stream: Optional[LiveStream] = None
-    static_image: Optional[np.ndarray] = None
-    image_pool: Optional[ImagePool] = None
-    filter_instances: Optional[List[PostprocessingFilter]] = None
-    # Dedicated single-thread executor for capture engine calls.
-    # Capture libraries (BetterCam, MSS, DXcam) use thread-local state,
-    # so all calls must run on the same thread.
-    capture_executor: Optional[concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor] = None
     # WLED state snapshot taken before streaming starts (to restore on stop)
     wled_state_before: Optional[dict] = None
 
@@ -127,20 +116,23 @@ class ProcessorState:
 class ProcessorManager:
     """Manages screen processing for multiple WLED devices."""
 
-    def __init__(self, picture_stream_store=None, capture_template_store=None, pp_template_store=None):
+    def __init__(self, picture_source_store=None, capture_template_store=None, pp_template_store=None):
         """Initialize processor manager.
 
         Args:
-            picture_stream_store: PictureStreamStore instance (for stream resolution)
+            picture_source_store: PictureSourceStore instance (for stream resolution)
             capture_template_store: TemplateStore instance (for engine lookup)
             pp_template_store: PostprocessingTemplateStore instance (for PP settings)
         """
         self._processors: Dict[str, ProcessorState] = {}
         self._health_monitoring_active = False
         self._http_client: Optional[httpx.AsyncClient] = None
-        self._picture_stream_store = picture_stream_store
+        self._picture_source_store = picture_source_store
         self._capture_template_store = capture_template_store
         self._pp_template_store = pp_template_store
+        self._live_stream_manager = LiveStreamManager(
+            picture_source_store, capture_template_store, pp_template_store
+        )
         logger.info("Processor manager initialized")
 
     async def _get_http_client(self) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
@@ -156,8 +148,7 @@ class ProcessorManager:
         led_count: int,
         settings: Optional[ProcessingSettings] = None,
         calibration: Optional[CalibrationConfig] = None,
-        capture_template_id: str = "",
+        picture_source_id: str = "",
-        picture_stream_id: str = "",
     ):
         """Add a device for processing.
 
@@ -167,8 +158,7 @@ class ProcessorManager:
             led_count: Number of LEDs
             settings: Processing settings (uses defaults if None)
             calibration: Calibration config (creates default if None)
-            capture_template_id: Legacy template ID for screen capture engine
+            picture_source_id: Picture source ID
-            picture_stream_id: Picture stream ID (preferred over capture_template_id)
         """
         if device_id in self._processors:
             raise ValueError(f"Device {device_id} already exists")
@@ -185,8 +175,7 @@ class ProcessorManager:
             led_count=led_count,
             settings=settings,
             calibration=calibration,
-            capture_template_id=capture_template_id,
+            picture_source_id=picture_source_id,
-            picture_stream_id=picture_stream_id,
         )
 
         self._processors[device_id] = state
@@ -280,116 +269,56 @@ class ProcessorManager:
         logger.info(f"Updated calibration for device {device_id}")
 
     def _resolve_stream_settings(self, state: ProcessorState):
-        """Resolve picture stream chain to populate resolved_* fields on state.
+        """Resolve picture source chain to populate resolved_* metadata fields.
 
-        If device has a picture_stream_id and stores are available, resolves the
+        Resolves metadata (display_index, fps, engine info) for status reporting.
-        stream chain to get display_index, fps, engine type/config, and PP settings.
+        Actual stream creation is handled by LiveStreamManager.
-        Otherwise falls back to legacy device settings.
         """
-        if state.picture_stream_id and self._picture_stream_store:
+        if not state.picture_source_id or not self._picture_source_store:
-            try:
+            raise ValueError(f"Device {state.device_id} has no picture source assigned")
-                chain = self._picture_stream_store.resolve_stream_chain(state.picture_stream_id)
-                raw_stream = chain["raw_stream"]
-                pp_template_ids = chain["postprocessing_template_ids"]
 
-                if raw_stream.stream_type == "static_image":
+        from wled_controller.storage.picture_source import ScreenCapturePictureSource, StaticImagePictureSource
-                    # Static image stream: load image once, no engine needed
-                    state.resolved_display_index = -1
-                    state.resolved_target_fps = 1
-                    state.resolved_engine_type = None
-                    state.resolved_engine_config = None
-                    state.static_image = self._load_static_image(raw_stream.image_source)
-                else:
-                    # Raw capture stream
-                    state.resolved_display_index = raw_stream.display_index
-                    state.resolved_target_fps = raw_stream.target_fps
 
-                    # Resolve capture engine from raw stream's capture template
+        chain = self._picture_source_store.resolve_stream_chain(state.picture_source_id)
-                    if raw_stream.capture_template_id and self._capture_template_store:
+        raw_stream = chain["raw_stream"]
-                        try:
+        pp_template_ids = chain["postprocessing_template_ids"]
-                            tpl = self._capture_template_store.get_template(raw_stream.capture_template_id)
-                            state.resolved_engine_type = tpl.engine_type
-                            state.resolved_engine_config = tpl.engine_config
-                        except ValueError:
-                            logger.warning(f"Capture template {raw_stream.capture_template_id} not found, using MSS fallback")
-                            state.resolved_engine_type = "mss"
-                            state.resolved_engine_config = {}
 
-                # Resolve postprocessing: use first PP template in chain
+        if isinstance(raw_stream, StaticImagePictureSource):
-                if pp_template_ids and self._pp_template_store:
+            state.resolved_display_index = -1
-                    try:
+            state.resolved_target_fps = 1
-                        pp = self._pp_template_store.get_template(pp_template_ids[0])
+            state.resolved_engine_type = None
-                        state.resolved_filters = pp.filters
+            state.resolved_engine_config = None
-                    except ValueError:
+        elif isinstance(raw_stream, ScreenCapturePictureSource):
-                        logger.warning(f"PP template {pp_template_ids[0]} not found, using defaults")
+            state.resolved_display_index = raw_stream.display_index
+            state.resolved_target_fps = raw_stream.target_fps
 
-                logger.info(
+            if raw_stream.capture_template_id and self._capture_template_store:
-                    f"Resolved stream chain for {state.device_id}: "
+                try:
-                    f"display={state.resolved_display_index}, fps={state.resolved_target_fps}, "
+                    tpl = self._capture_template_store.get_template(raw_stream.capture_template_id)
-                    f"engine={state.resolved_engine_type}, pp_templates={len(pp_template_ids)}"
+                    state.resolved_engine_type = tpl.engine_type
-                )
+                    state.resolved_engine_config = tpl.engine_config
-                return
+                except ValueError:
-            except ValueError as e:
+                    logger.warning(f"Capture template {raw_stream.capture_template_id} not found, using MSS fallback")
-                logger.warning(f"Failed to resolve stream {state.picture_stream_id}: {e}, falling back to legacy settings")
+                    state.resolved_engine_type = "mss"
+                    state.resolved_engine_config = {}
 
-        # Fallback: use legacy device settings (construct filters from flat fields)
+        logger.info(
-        state.resolved_display_index = state.settings.display_index
+            f"Resolved stream metadata for {state.device_id}: "
-        state.resolved_target_fps = state.settings.fps
+            f"display={state.resolved_display_index}, fps={state.resolved_target_fps}, "
-        legacy_filters = []
+            f"engine={state.resolved_engine_type}, pp_templates={len(pp_template_ids)}"
-        if state.settings.brightness != 1.0:
+        )
-            legacy_filters.append(FilterInstance("brightness", {"value": state.settings.brightness}))
-        if state.settings.saturation != 1.0:
-            legacy_filters.append(FilterInstance("saturation", {"value": state.settings.saturation}))
-        if state.settings.gamma != 1.0:
-            legacy_filters.append(FilterInstance("gamma", {"value": state.settings.gamma}))
-        state.resolved_filters = legacy_filters
-
-        # Resolve engine from legacy capture_template_id
-        if state.capture_template_id and self._capture_template_store:
-            try:
-                tpl = self._capture_template_store.get_template(state.capture_template_id)
-                state.resolved_engine_type = tpl.engine_type
-                state.resolved_engine_config = tpl.engine_config
-            except ValueError:
-                logger.warning(f"Capture template {state.capture_template_id} not found, using MSS fallback")
-                state.resolved_engine_type = "mss"
-                state.resolved_engine_config = {}
-        else:
-            state.resolved_engine_type = "mss"
-            state.resolved_engine_config = {}
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _load_static_image(image_source: str) -> np.ndarray:
-        """Load a static image from URL or file path, return as RGB numpy array."""
-        from io import BytesIO
-        from pathlib import Path
-
-        from PIL import Image
-
-        if image_source.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
-            response = httpx.get(image_source, timeout=15.0, follow_redirects=True)
-            response.raise_for_status()
-            pil_image = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content))
-        else:
-            path = Path(image_source)
-            if not path.exists():
-                raise FileNotFoundError(f"Image file not found: {image_source}")
-            pil_image = Image.open(path)
-
-        pil_image = pil_image.convert("RGB")
-        return np.array(pil_image)
 
     async def start_processing(self, device_id: str):
         """Start screen processing for a device.
 
-        Resolves the picture stream chain (if assigned) to determine capture engine,
+        Resolves the picture source chain to determine capture engine,
-        display, FPS, and postprocessing settings. Falls back to legacy device settings.
+        display, FPS, and postprocessing settings.
 
         Args:
             device_id: Device identifier
 
         Raises:
-            ValueError: If device not found
+            ValueError: If device not found or no picture source assigned
             RuntimeError: If processing already running
         """
         if device_id not in self._processors:
@@ -433,34 +362,25 @@ class ProcessorManager:
             logger.error(f"Failed to connect to WLED device {device_id}: {e}")
             raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to connect to WLED device: {e}")
 
-        # Initialize capture engine from resolved settings (skip for static_image)
+        # Acquire live stream via LiveStreamManager (shared across devices)
-        if state.static_image is not None:
+        try:
-            logger.info(f"Using static image for device {device_id} ({state.static_image.shape[1]}x{state.static_image.shape[0]})")
+            live_stream = await asyncio.to_thread(
-        else:
+                self._live_stream_manager.acquire, state.picture_source_id
-            try:
+            )
-                engine_type = state.resolved_engine_type or "mss"
+            state.live_stream = live_stream
-                engine_config = state.resolved_engine_config or {}
+            # Update resolved metadata from actual live stream
-                engine = EngineRegistry.create_engine(engine_type, engine_config)
+            if live_stream.display_index is not None:
-
+                state.resolved_display_index = live_stream.display_index
-                # Create a dedicated single-thread executor for capture calls.
+            state.resolved_target_fps = live_stream.target_fps
-                # Capture libraries use thread-local state (DXGI contexts, GDI DCs)
+            logger.info(
-                # so initialize + capture + cleanup must all run on the same thread.
+                f"Acquired live stream for device {device_id} "
-                state.capture_executor = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(
+                f"(picture_source={state.picture_source_id})"
-                    max_workers=1, thread_name_prefix=f"capture-{device_id}"
+            )
-                )
+        except Exception as e:
-                loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+            logger.error(f"Failed to initialize live stream for device {device_id}: {e}")
-                await loop.run_in_executor(state.capture_executor, engine.initialize)
+            if state.wled_client:
-
+                await state.wled_client.disconnect()
-                state.capture_engine = engine
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to initialize live stream: {e}")
-                logger.info(f"Initialized capture engine for device {device_id}: {engine_type}")
-            except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Failed to initialize capture engine for device {device_id}: {e}")
-                if state.capture_executor:
-                    state.capture_executor.shutdown(wait=False)
-                    state.capture_executor = None
-                if state.wled_client:
-                    await state.wled_client.disconnect()
-                raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to initialize capture engine: {e}")
 
         # Initialize pixel mapper
         state.pixel_mapper = PixelMapper(
@@ -526,39 +446,26 @@ class ProcessorManager:
             await state.wled_client.close()
             state.wled_client = None
 
-        # Cleanup capture engine on the same dedicated thread it was created on
+        # Release live stream
-        if state.capture_engine:
+        if state.live_stream:
-            if state.capture_executor:
+            try:
-                loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+                self._live_stream_manager.release(state.picture_source_id)
-                try:
+            except Exception as e:
-                    await loop.run_in_executor(
+                logger.warning(f"Error releasing live stream: {e}")
-                        state.capture_executor, state.capture_engine.cleanup
+            state.live_stream = None
-                    )
-                except Exception as e:
-                    logger.warning(f"Error cleaning up capture engine: {e}")
-                state.capture_executor.shutdown(wait=False)
-                state.capture_executor = None
-            else:
-                state.capture_engine.cleanup()
-            state.capture_engine = None
-
-        # Release cached static image
-        state.static_image = None
 
         logger.info(f"Stopped processing for device {device_id}")
 
     async def _processing_loop(self, device_id: str):
         """Main processing loop for a device.
 
-        Uses resolved_* fields from stream resolution for display, FPS,
+        Reads frames from the LiveStream (which handles capture and optional
-        and postprocessing. Falls back to device settings for LED projection
+        PP filters via the picture source chain).
-        parameters (border_width, interpolation_mode) and WLED brightness.
         """
         state = self._processors[device_id]
         settings = state.settings
 
         # Use resolved values (populated by _resolve_stream_settings)
-        display_index = state.resolved_display_index or settings.display_index
         target_fps = state.resolved_target_fps or settings.fps
         smoothing = settings.smoothing
 
@@ -566,35 +473,13 @@ class ProcessorManager:
         border_width = settings.border_width
         wled_brightness = settings.brightness  # WLED hardware brightness
 
-        # Instantiate filter objects once (not per-frame)
-        resolved_filters = state.resolved_filters or []
-        image_pool = ImagePool()
-        state.image_pool = image_pool
-        filter_objects = []
-        for fi in resolved_filters:
-            try:
-                filter_objects.append(FilterRegistry.create_instance(fi.filter_id, fi.options))
-            except ValueError as e:
-                logger.warning(f"Skipping unknown filter '{fi.filter_id}': {e}")
-        state.filter_instances = filter_objects
-
         logger.info(
             f"Processing loop started for {device_id} "
-            f"(display={display_index}, fps={target_fps}, filters={len(filter_objects)})"
+            f"(display={state.resolved_display_index}, fps={target_fps})"
         )
 
         frame_time = 1.0 / target_fps
         fps_samples = []
-        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
-        capture_executor = state.capture_executor  # dedicated single-thread executor
-
-        def _apply_filters(image):
-            """Apply all postprocessing filters to the captured image."""
-            for f in filter_objects:
-                result = f.process_image(image, image_pool)
-                if result is not None:
-                    image = result
-            return image
 
         try:
             while state.is_running:
@@ -606,18 +491,8 @@ class ProcessorManager:
                     continue
 
                 try:
-                    # Get frame: static image or live capture
+                    # Get frame from live stream (handles capture + PP filters)
-                    if state.static_image is not None:
+                    capture = await asyncio.to_thread(state.live_stream.get_latest_frame)
-                        h, w = state.static_image.shape[:2]
-                        capture = ScreenCapture(
-                            image=state.static_image.copy(), width=w, height=h, display_index=-1
-                        )
-                    else:
-                        capture = await loop.run_in_executor(
-                            capture_executor,
-                            state.capture_engine.capture_display,
-                            display_index
-                        )
 
                     # Skip processing if no new frame (screen unchanged)
                     if capture is None:
@@ -626,10 +501,6 @@ class ProcessorManager:
                         await asyncio.sleep(frame_time)
                         continue
 
-                    # Apply postprocessing filters to the full captured image
-                    if filter_objects:
-                        capture.image = await asyncio.to_thread(_apply_filters, capture.image)
-
                     # Extract border pixels
                     border_pixels = await asyncio.to_thread(extract_border_pixels, capture, border_width)
 
@@ -861,6 +732,9 @@ class ProcessorManager:
                 except Exception as e:
                     logger.error(f"Error stopping device {device_id}: {e}")
 
+        # Safety net: release any remaining managed live streams
+        self._live_stream_manager.release_all()
+
         # Close shared HTTP client
         if self._http_client and not self._http_client.is_closed:
             await self._http_client.aclose()

server/src/wled_controller/main.py

@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ from fastapi.staticfiles import StaticFiles
 
 from wled_controller import __version__
 from wled_controller.api import router
-from wled_controller.api.routes import init_dependencies
+from wled_controller.api.dependencies import init_dependencies
 from wled_controller.config import get_config
 from wled_controller.core.processor_manager import ProcessorManager
 from wled_controller.storage import DeviceStore
 from wled_controller.storage.template_store import TemplateStore
 from wled_controller.storage.postprocessing_template_store import PostprocessingTemplateStore
-from wled_controller.storage.picture_stream_store import PictureStreamStore
+from wled_controller.storage.picture_source_store import PictureSourceStore
 from wled_controller.utils import setup_logging, get_logger
 
 # Initialize logging
@@ -31,61 +31,10 @@ config = get_config()
 device_store = DeviceStore(config.storage.devices_file)
 template_store = TemplateStore(config.storage.templates_file)
 pp_template_store = PostprocessingTemplateStore(config.storage.postprocessing_templates_file)
-picture_stream_store = PictureStreamStore(config.storage.picture_streams_file)
+picture_source_store = PictureSourceStore(config.storage.picture_sources_file)
-
-# Assign first available template to devices with missing/invalid template
-all_templates = template_store.get_all_templates()
-if all_templates:
-    valid_ids = {t.id for t in all_templates}
-    for device in device_store.get_all_devices():
-        if not device.capture_template_id or device.capture_template_id not in valid_ids:
-            old_id = device.capture_template_id
-            device_store.update_device(device.id, capture_template_id=all_templates[0].id)
-            logger.info(
-                f"Assigned template '{all_templates[0].name}' to device '{device.name}' "
-                f"(was '{old_id}')"
-            )
-
-# Migrate devices without picture_stream_id: create streams from legacy settings
-for device in device_store.get_all_devices():
-    if not device.picture_stream_id:
-        try:
-            # Create a raw stream from the device's current capture settings
-            raw_stream = picture_stream_store.create_stream(
-                name=f"{device.name} - Raw",
-                stream_type="raw",
-                display_index=device.settings.display_index,
-                capture_template_id=device.capture_template_id,
-                target_fps=device.settings.fps,
-                description=f"Auto-migrated from device '{device.name}'",
-            )
-
-            # Create a processed stream with the first PP template
-            pp_templates = pp_template_store.get_all_templates()
-            if pp_templates:
-                processed_stream = picture_stream_store.create_stream(
-                    name=f"{device.name} - Processed",
-                    stream_type="processed",
-                    source_stream_id=raw_stream.id,
-                    postprocessing_template_id=pp_templates[0].id,
-                    description=f"Auto-migrated from device '{device.name}'",
-                )
-                device_store.update_device(device.id, picture_stream_id=processed_stream.id)
-                logger.info(
-                    f"Migrated device '{device.name}': created raw stream '{raw_stream.id}' "
-                    f"+ processed stream '{processed_stream.id}'"
-                )
-            else:
-                # No PP templates, assign raw stream directly
-                device_store.update_device(device.id, picture_stream_id=raw_stream.id)
-                logger.info(
-                    f"Migrated device '{device.name}': created raw stream '{raw_stream.id}'"
-                )
-        except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to migrate device '{device.name}': {e}")
 
 processor_manager = ProcessorManager(
-    picture_stream_store=picture_stream_store,
+    picture_source_store=picture_source_store,
     capture_template_store=template_store,
     pp_template_store=pp_template_store,
 )
@@ -124,7 +73,7 @@ async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
     init_dependencies(
         device_store, template_store, processor_manager,
         pp_template_store=pp_template_store,
-        picture_stream_store=picture_stream_store,
+        picture_source_store=picture_source_store,
     )
 
     # Load existing devices into processor manager
@@ -137,8 +86,7 @@ async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
                 led_count=device.led_count,
                 settings=device.settings,
                 calibration=device.calibration,
-                capture_template_id=device.capture_template_id,
+                picture_source_id=device.picture_source_id,
-                picture_stream_id=device.picture_stream_id,
             )
             logger.info(f"Loaded device: {device.name} ({device.id})")
         except Exception as e:

server/src/wled_controller/static/app.js

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ function closeLightbox(event) {
 
 async function openFullImageLightbox(imageSource) {
     try {
-        const resp = await fetch(`${API_BASE}/picture-streams/full-image?source=${encodeURIComponent(imageSource)}`, {
+        const resp = await fetch(`${API_BASE}/picture-sources/full-image?source=${encodeURIComponent(imageSource)}`, {
             headers: getHeaders()
         });
         if (!resp.ok) return;
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ function updateAllText() {
     if (apiKey) {
         loadDisplays();
         loadDevices();
-        loadPictureStreams();
+        loadPictureSources();
     }
 }
 
@@ -576,15 +576,11 @@ async function loadDisplays() {
 let _cachedDisplays = null;
 
 function switchTab(name) {
-    // Migrate legacy tab values from localStorage
-    if (name === 'templates' || name === 'pp-templates') {
-        name = 'streams';
-    }
     document.querySelectorAll('.tab-btn').forEach(btn => btn.classList.toggle('active', btn.dataset.tab === name));
     document.querySelectorAll('.tab-panel').forEach(panel => panel.classList.toggle('active', panel.id === `tab-${name}`));
     localStorage.setItem('activeTab', name);
     if (name === 'streams') {
-        loadPictureStreams();
+        loadPictureSources();
     }
 }
 
@@ -2532,7 +2528,7 @@ async function loadCaptureTemplates() {
         const data = await response.json();
         _cachedCaptureTemplates = data.templates || [];
         // Re-render the streams tab which now contains template sections
-        renderPictureStreamsList(_cachedStreams);
+        renderPictureSourcesList(_cachedStreams);
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('Error loading capture templates:', error);
     }
@@ -2540,7 +2536,7 @@ async function loadCaptureTemplates() {
 
 // Get engine icon
 function getEngineIcon(engineType) {
-    return '🖥️';
+    return '🚀';
 }
 
 // Show add template modal
@@ -2786,7 +2782,7 @@ async function loadAvailableEngines() {
         availableEngines = data.engines || [];
 
         const select = document.getElementById('template-engine');
-        select.innerHTML = `<option value="">${t('templates.engine.select')}</option>`;
+        select.innerHTML = '';
 
         availableEngines.forEach(engine => {
             const option = document.createElement('option');
@@ -2798,6 +2794,12 @@ async function loadAvailableEngines() {
             }
             select.appendChild(option);
         });
+
+        // Auto-select first available engine if nothing selected
+        if (!select.value) {
+            const firstAvailable = availableEngines.find(e => e.available);
+            if (firstAvailable) select.value = firstAvailable.type;
+        }
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('Error loading engines:', error);
         showToast(t('templates.error.engines') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
@@ -3085,14 +3087,14 @@ async function deleteTemplate(templateId) {
     }
 }
 
-// ===== Picture Streams =====
+// ===== Picture Sources =====
 
 let _cachedStreams = [];
 let _cachedPPTemplates = [];
 let _cachedCaptureTemplates = [];
 let _availableFilters = []; // Loaded from GET /filters
 
-async function loadPictureStreams() {
+async function loadPictureSources() {
     try {
         // Always fetch templates, filters, and streams in parallel
         // since templates are now rendered inside stream sub-tabs
@@ -3100,7 +3102,7 @@ async function loadPictureStreams() {
             _availableFilters.length === 0 ? fetchWithAuth('/filters') : Promise.resolve(null),
             fetchWithAuth('/postprocessing-templates'),
             fetchWithAuth('/capture-templates'),
-            fetchWithAuth('/picture-streams')
+            fetchWithAuth('/picture-sources')
         ]);
 
         if (filtersResp && filtersResp.ok) {
@@ -3120,9 +3122,9 @@ async function loadPictureStreams() {
         }
         const data = await streamsResp.json();
         _cachedStreams = data.streams || [];
-        renderPictureStreamsList(_cachedStreams);
+        renderPictureSourcesList(_cachedStreams);
     } catch (error) {
-        console.error('Error loading picture streams:', error);
+        console.error('Error loading picture sources:', error);
         document.getElementById('streams-list').innerHTML = `
             <div class="error-message">${t('streams.error.load')}: ${error.message}</div>
         `;
@@ -3139,7 +3141,7 @@ function switchStreamTab(tabKey) {
     localStorage.setItem('activeStreamTab', tabKey);
 }
 
-function renderPictureStreamsList(streams) {
+function renderPictureSourcesList(streams) {
     const container = document.getElementById('streams-list');
     const activeTab = localStorage.getItem('activeStreamTab') || 'raw';
 
@@ -3157,7 +3159,7 @@ function renderPictureStreamsList(streams) {
             detailsHtml = `<div class="stream-card-props">
                 <span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.display')}">🖥️ ${stream.display_index ?? 0}</span>
                 <span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.target_fps')}">⚡ ${stream.target_fps ?? 30}</span>
-                ${capTmplName ? `<span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.capture_template')}">📷 ${capTmplName}</span>` : ''}
+                ${capTmplName ? `<span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.capture_template')}">📋 ${capTmplName}</span>` : ''}
             </div>`;
         } else if (stream.stream_type === 'processed') {
             const sourceStream = _cachedStreams.find(s => s.id === stream.source_stream_id);
@@ -3169,7 +3171,7 @@ function renderPictureStreamsList(streams) {
             }
             detailsHtml = `<div class="stream-card-props">
                 <span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.source')}">📺 ${sourceName}</span>
-                ${ppTmplName ? `<span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.pp_template')}">🎨 ${ppTmplName}</span>` : ''}
+                ${ppTmplName ? `<span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.pp_template')}">📋 ${ppTmplName}</span>` : ''}
             </div>`;
         } else if (stream.stream_type === 'static_image') {
             const src = stream.image_source || '';
@@ -3208,12 +3210,12 @@ function renderPictureStreamsList(streams) {
                 <button class="card-remove-btn" onclick="deleteTemplate('${template.id}')" title="${t('common.delete')}">&#x2715;</button>
                 <div class="template-card-header">
                     <div class="template-name">
-                        ${engineIcon} ${escapeHtml(template.name)}
+                        📋 ${escapeHtml(template.name)}
                     </div>
                 </div>
                 ${template.description ? `<div class="template-config" style="opacity:0.7;">${escapeHtml(template.description)}</div>` : ''}
                 <div class="stream-card-props">
-                    <span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('templates.engine')}">⚙️ ${template.engine_type.toUpperCase()}</span>
+                    <span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('templates.engine')}">🚀 ${template.engine_type.toUpperCase()}</span>
                     ${configEntries.length > 0 ? `<span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('templates.config.show')}">🔧 ${configEntries.length}</span>` : ''}
                 </div>
                 ${configEntries.length > 0 ? `
@@ -3252,7 +3254,7 @@ function renderPictureStreamsList(streams) {
                 <button class="card-remove-btn" onclick="deletePPTemplate('${tmpl.id}')" title="${t('common.delete')}">&#x2715;</button>
                 <div class="template-card-header">
                     <div class="template-name">
-                        🎨 ${escapeHtml(tmpl.name)}
+                        📋 ${escapeHtml(tmpl.name)}
                     </div>
                 </div>
                 ${tmpl.description ? `<div class="template-config" style="opacity:0.7;">${escapeHtml(tmpl.description)}</div>` : ''}
@@ -3390,7 +3392,7 @@ async function showAddStreamModal(presetType) {
 
 async function editStream(streamId) {
     try {
-        const response = await fetchWithAuth(`/picture-streams/${streamId}`);
+        const response = await fetchWithAuth(`/picture-sources/${streamId}`);
         if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`Failed to load stream: ${response.status}`);
         const stream = await response.json();
 
@@ -3450,7 +3452,7 @@ async function populateStreamModalDropdowns() {
     const [displaysRes, captureTemplatesRes, streamsRes, ppTemplatesRes] = await Promise.all([
         fetch(`${API_BASE}/config/displays`, { headers: getHeaders() }),
         fetchWithAuth('/capture-templates'),
-        fetchWithAuth('/picture-streams'),
+        fetchWithAuth('/picture-sources'),
         fetchWithAuth('/postprocessing-templates'),
     ]);
 
@@ -3556,12 +3558,12 @@ async function saveStream() {
     try {
         let response;
         if (streamId) {
-            response = await fetchWithAuth(`/picture-streams/${streamId}`, {
+            response = await fetchWithAuth(`/picture-sources/${streamId}`, {
                 method: 'PUT',
                 body: JSON.stringify(payload)
             });
         } else {
-            response = await fetchWithAuth('/picture-streams', {
+            response = await fetchWithAuth('/picture-sources', {
                 method: 'POST',
                 body: JSON.stringify(payload)
             });
@@ -3574,7 +3576,7 @@ async function saveStream() {
 
         showToast(streamId ? t('streams.updated') : t('streams.created'), 'success');
         closeStreamModal();
-        await loadPictureStreams();
+        await loadPictureSources();
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('Error saving stream:', error);
         errorEl.textContent = error.message;
@@ -3587,7 +3589,7 @@ async function deleteStream(streamId) {
     if (!confirmed) return;
 
     try {
-        const response = await fetchWithAuth(`/picture-streams/${streamId}`, {
+        const response = await fetchWithAuth(`/picture-sources/${streamId}`, {
             method: 'DELETE'
         });
 
@@ -3597,7 +3599,7 @@ async function deleteStream(streamId) {
         }
 
         showToast(t('streams.deleted'), 'success');
-        await loadPictureStreams();
+        await loadPictureSources();
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('Error deleting stream:', error);
         showToast(t('streams.error.delete') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
@@ -3635,7 +3637,7 @@ async function validateStaticImage() {
     previewContainer.style.display = 'none';
 
     try {
-        const response = await fetchWithAuth('/picture-streams/validate-image', {
+        const response = await fetchWithAuth('/picture-sources/validate-image', {
             method: 'POST',
             body: JSON.stringify({ image_source: source }),
         });
@@ -3662,7 +3664,7 @@ async function validateStaticImage() {
     }
 }
 
-// ===== Picture Stream Test =====
+// ===== Picture Source Test =====
 
 let _currentTestStreamId = null;
 
@@ -3701,7 +3703,7 @@ async function runStreamTest() {
     showOverlaySpinner(t('streams.test.running'), captureDuration);
 
     try {
-        const response = await fetchWithAuth(`/picture-streams/${_currentTestStreamId}/test`, {
+        const response = await fetchWithAuth(`/picture-sources/${_currentTestStreamId}/test`, {
             method: 'POST',
             body: JSON.stringify({ capture_duration: captureDuration })
         });
@@ -3740,7 +3742,7 @@ async function showTestPPTemplateModal(templateId) {
     // Ensure streams are cached
     if (_cachedStreams.length === 0) {
         try {
-            const resp = await fetchWithAuth('/picture-streams');
+            const resp = await fetchWithAuth('/picture-sources');
             if (resp.ok) { const d = await resp.json(); _cachedStreams = d.streams || []; }
         } catch (e) { console.warn('Could not load streams for PP test:', e); }
     }
@@ -3842,7 +3844,7 @@ async function loadPPTemplates() {
         const data = await response.json();
         _cachedPPTemplates = data.templates || [];
         // Re-render the streams tab which now contains template sections
-        renderPictureStreamsList(_cachedStreams);
+        renderPictureSourcesList(_cachedStreams);
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('Error loading PP templates:', error);
     }
@@ -4163,7 +4165,7 @@ async function showStreamSelector(deviceId) {
     try {
         const [deviceResponse, streamsResponse, settingsResponse] = await Promise.all([
             fetch(`${API_BASE}/devices/${deviceId}`, { headers: getHeaders() }),
-            fetchWithAuth('/picture-streams'),
+            fetchWithAuth('/picture-sources'),
             fetch(`${API_BASE}/devices/${deviceId}/settings`, { headers: getHeaders() }),
         ]);
 
@@ -4195,7 +4197,7 @@ async function showStreamSelector(deviceId) {
             });
         }
 
-        const currentStreamId = device.picture_stream_id || '';
+        const currentStreamId = device.picture_source_id || '';
         streamSelect.value = currentStreamId;
 
         // Populate LED projection fields
@@ -4238,7 +4240,7 @@ async function updateStreamSelectorInfo(streamId) {
     }
 
     try {
-        const response = await fetchWithAuth(`/picture-streams/${streamId}`);
+        const response = await fetchWithAuth(`/picture-sources/${streamId}`);
         if (!response.ok) {
             infoPanel.style.display = 'none';
             return;
@@ -4266,12 +4268,12 @@ async function updateStreamSelectorInfo(streamId) {
             propsHtml = `
                 <span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.display')}">🖥️ ${stream.display_index ?? 0}</span>
                 <span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.target_fps')}">⚡ ${stream.target_fps ?? 30}</span>
-                ${capTmplName ? `<span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.capture_template')}">📷 ${capTmplName}</span>` : ''}
+                ${capTmplName ? `<span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.capture_template')}">📋 ${capTmplName}</span>` : ''}
             `;
         } else if (stream.stream_type === 'processed') {
             if ((!_cachedStreams || _cachedStreams.length === 0) && stream.source_stream_id) {
                 try {
-                    const streamsResp = await fetchWithAuth('/picture-streams');
+                    const streamsResp = await fetchWithAuth('/picture-sources');
                     if (streamsResp.ok) { const d = await streamsResp.json(); _cachedStreams = d.streams || []; }
                 } catch {}
             }
@@ -4292,7 +4294,7 @@ async function updateStreamSelectorInfo(streamId) {
             }
             propsHtml = `
                 <span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.source')}">📺 ${sourceName}</span>
-                ${ppTmplName ? `<span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.pp_template')}">🎨 ${ppTmplName}</span>` : ''}
+                ${ppTmplName ? `<span class="stream-card-prop" title="${t('streams.pp_template')}">📋 ${ppTmplName}</span>` : ''}
             `;
         } else if (stream.stream_type === 'static_image') {
             const src = stream.image_source || '';
@@ -4313,18 +4315,18 @@ async function updateStreamSelectorInfo(streamId) {
 
 async function saveStreamSelector() {
     const deviceId = document.getElementById('stream-selector-device-id').value;
-    const pictureStreamId = document.getElementById('stream-selector-stream').value;
+    const pictureSourceId = document.getElementById('stream-selector-stream').value;
     const borderWidth = parseInt(document.getElementById('stream-selector-border-width').value) || 10;
     const interpolation = document.getElementById('stream-selector-interpolation').value;
     const smoothing = parseFloat(document.getElementById('stream-selector-smoothing').value);
     const errorEl = document.getElementById('stream-selector-error');
 
     try {
-        // Save picture stream assignment
+        // Save picture source assignment
         const response = await fetch(`${API_BASE}/devices/${deviceId}`, {
             method: 'PUT',
             headers: getHeaders(),
-            body: JSON.stringify({ picture_stream_id: pictureStreamId })
+            body: JSON.stringify({ picture_source_id: pictureSourceId })
         });
 
         if (response.status === 401) {

server/src/wled_controller/static/index.html

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
             <div class="tab-bar">
                 <button class="tab-btn active" data-tab="devices" onclick="switchTab('devices')"><span data-i18n="devices.title">💡 Devices</span></button>
 
-                <button class="tab-btn" data-tab="streams" onclick="switchTab('streams')"><span data-i18n="streams.title">📺 Streams</span></button>
+                <button class="tab-btn" data-tab="streams" onclick="switchTab('streams')"><span data-i18n="streams.title">📺 Sources</span></button>
             </div>
 
             <div class="tab-panel active" id="tab-devices">
@@ -228,11 +228,11 @@
         </div>
     </div>
 
-    <!-- Stream Settings Modal (picture stream + LED projection settings) -->
+    <!-- Stream Settings Modal (picture source + LED projection settings) -->
     <div id="stream-selector-modal" class="modal">
         <div class="modal-content">
             <div class="modal-header">
-                <h2 data-i18n="device.stream_settings.title">📺 Stream Settings</h2>
+                <h2 data-i18n="device.stream_settings.title">📺 Source Settings</h2>
                 <button class="modal-close-btn" onclick="closeStreamSelectorModal()" title="Close">&#x2715;</button>
             </div>
             <div class="modal-body">
@@ -241,10 +241,10 @@
 
                     <div class="form-group">
                         <div class="label-row">
-                            <label for="stream-selector-stream" data-i18n="device.stream_selector.label">Stream:</label>
+                            <label for="stream-selector-stream" data-i18n="device.stream_selector.label">Source:</label>
                             <button type="button" class="hint-toggle" onclick="toggleHint(this)" title="?">?</button>
                         </div>
-                        <small class="input-hint" style="display:none" data-i18n="device.stream_selector.hint">Select a stream that defines what this device captures and processes</small>
+                        <small class="input-hint" style="display:none" data-i18n="device.stream_selector.hint">Select a source that defines what this device captures and processes</small>
                         <select id="stream-selector-stream"></select>
                         <div id="stream-selector-info" class="stream-info-panel" style="display: none;"></div>
                     </div>
@@ -405,7 +405,6 @@
                         </div>
                         <small class="input-hint" style="display:none" data-i18n="templates.engine.hint">Select the screen capture technology to use</small>
                         <select id="template-engine" onchange="onEngineChange()" required>
-                            <option value="" data-i18n="templates.engine.select">Select an engine...</option>
                         </select>
                         <small id="engine-availability-hint" class="form-hint" style="display: none;"></small>
                     </div>
@@ -457,11 +456,11 @@
         </div>
     </div>
 
-    <!-- Test Stream Modal -->
+    <!-- Test Source Modal -->
     <div id="test-stream-modal" class="modal">
         <div class="modal-content">
             <div class="modal-header">
-                <h2 data-i18n="streams.test.title">Test Stream</h2>
+                <h2 data-i18n="streams.test.title">Test Source</h2>
                 <button class="modal-close-btn" onclick="closeTestStreamModal()" title="Close">&#x2715;</button>
             </div>
             <div class="modal-body">
@@ -490,7 +489,7 @@
             </div>
             <div class="modal-body">
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label data-i18n="postprocessing.test.source_stream">Source Stream:</label>
+                    <label data-i18n="postprocessing.test.source_stream">Source:</label>
                     <select id="test-pp-source-stream"></select>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
@@ -509,24 +508,24 @@
         </div>
     </div>
 
-    <!-- Stream Modal -->
+    <!-- Source Modal -->
     <div id="stream-modal" class="modal">
         <div class="modal-content">
             <div class="modal-header">
-                <h2 id="stream-modal-title" data-i18n="streams.add">Add Stream</h2>
+                <h2 id="stream-modal-title" data-i18n="streams.add">Add Source</h2>
                 <button class="modal-close-btn" onclick="closeStreamModal()" title="Close">&#x2715;</button>
             </div>
             <div class="modal-body">
                 <input type="hidden" id="stream-id">
                 <form id="stream-form">
                     <div class="form-group">
-                        <label for="stream-name" data-i18n="streams.name">Stream Name:</label>
+                        <label for="stream-name" data-i18n="streams.name">Source Name:</label>
-                        <input type="text" id="stream-name" data-i18n-placeholder="streams.name.placeholder" placeholder="My Stream" required>
+                        <input type="text" id="stream-name" data-i18n-placeholder="streams.name.placeholder" placeholder="My Source" required>
                     </div>
 
                     <input type="hidden" id="stream-type" value="raw">
 
-                    <!-- Raw stream fields -->
+                    <!-- Raw source fields -->
                     <div id="stream-raw-fields">
                         <div class="form-group">
                             <div class="label-row">
@@ -560,14 +559,14 @@
                         </div>
                     </div>
 
-                    <!-- Processed stream fields -->
+                    <!-- Processed source fields -->
                     <div id="stream-processed-fields" style="display: none;">
                         <div class="form-group">
                             <div class="label-row">
-                                <label for="stream-source" data-i18n="streams.source">Source Stream:</label>
+                                <label for="stream-source" data-i18n="streams.source">Source:</label>
                                 <button type="button" class="hint-toggle" onclick="toggleHint(this)" title="?">?</button>
                             </div>
-                            <small class="input-hint" style="display:none" data-i18n="streams.source.hint">The stream to apply processing filters to</small>
+                            <small class="input-hint" style="display:none" data-i18n="streams.source.hint">The source to apply processing filters to</small>
                             <select id="stream-source"></select>
                         </div>
                         <div class="form-group">
@@ -575,7 +574,7 @@
                                 <label for="stream-pp-template" data-i18n="streams.pp_template">Processing Template:</label>
                                 <button type="button" class="hint-toggle" onclick="toggleHint(this)" title="?">?</button>
                             </div>
-                            <small class="input-hint" style="display:none" data-i18n="streams.pp_template.hint">Filter template to apply to the source stream</small>
+                            <small class="input-hint" style="display:none" data-i18n="streams.pp_template.hint">Filter template to apply to the source</small>
                             <select id="stream-pp-template"></select>
                         </div>
                     </div>
@@ -599,7 +598,7 @@
 
                     <div class="form-group">
                         <label for="stream-description" data-i18n="streams.description_label">Description (optional):</label>
-                        <input type="text" id="stream-description" data-i18n-placeholder="streams.description_placeholder" placeholder="Describe this stream...">
+                        <input type="text" id="stream-description" data-i18n-placeholder="streams.description_placeholder" placeholder="Describe this source...">
                     </div>
 
                     <div id="stream-error" class="error-message" style="display: none;"></div>

server/src/wled_controller/static/locales/en.json

@@ -199,19 +199,19 @@
   "confirm.no": "No",
   "common.delete": "Delete",
   "common.edit": "Edit",
-  "streams.title": "\uD83D\uDCFA Streams",
+  "streams.title": "\uD83D\uDCFA Sources",
-  "streams.description": "Streams define the capture pipeline. A raw stream captures from a display using a capture template. A processed stream applies postprocessing to another stream. Assign streams to devices.",
+  "streams.description": "Sources define the capture pipeline. A raw source captures from a display using a capture template. A processed source applies postprocessing to another source. Assign sources to devices.",
   "streams.group.raw": "Screen Capture",
   "streams.group.processed": "Processed",
-  "streams.section.streams": "\uD83D\uDCFA Streams",
+  "streams.section.streams": "\uD83D\uDCFA Sources",
-  "streams.add": "Add Stream",
+  "streams.add": "Add Source",
   "streams.add.raw": "Add Screen Capture",
-  "streams.add.processed": "Add Processed Stream",
+  "streams.add.processed": "Add Processed Source",
-  "streams.edit": "Edit Stream",
+  "streams.edit": "Edit Source",
   "streams.edit.raw": "Edit Screen Capture",
-  "streams.edit.processed": "Edit Processed Stream",
+  "streams.edit.processed": "Edit Processed Source",
-  "streams.name": "Stream Name:",
+  "streams.name": "Source Name:",
-  "streams.name.placeholder": "My Stream",
+  "streams.name.placeholder": "My Source",
   "streams.type": "Type:",
   "streams.type.raw": "Screen Capture",
   "streams.type.processed": "Processed",
@@ -221,26 +221,26 @@
   "streams.capture_template.hint": "Engine template defining how the screen is captured",
   "streams.target_fps": "Target FPS:",
   "streams.target_fps.hint": "Target frames per second for capture (10-90)",
-  "streams.source": "Source Stream:",
+  "streams.source": "Source:",
-  "streams.source.hint": "The stream to apply processing filters to",
+  "streams.source.hint": "The source to apply processing filters to",
   "streams.pp_template": "Filter Template:",
-  "streams.pp_template.hint": "Filter template to apply to the source stream",
+  "streams.pp_template.hint": "Filter template to apply to the source",
   "streams.description_label": "Description (optional):",
-  "streams.description_placeholder": "Describe this stream...",
+  "streams.description_placeholder": "Describe this source...",
-  "streams.created": "Stream created successfully",
+  "streams.created": "Source created successfully",
-  "streams.updated": "Stream updated successfully",
+  "streams.updated": "Source updated successfully",
-  "streams.deleted": "Stream deleted successfully",
+  "streams.deleted": "Source deleted successfully",
-  "streams.delete.confirm": "Are you sure you want to delete this stream?",
+  "streams.delete.confirm": "Are you sure you want to delete this source?",
-  "streams.error.load": "Failed to load streams",
+  "streams.error.load": "Failed to load sources",
   "streams.error.required": "Please fill in all required fields",
-  "streams.error.delete": "Failed to delete stream",
+  "streams.error.delete": "Failed to delete source",
-  "streams.test.title": "Test Stream",
+  "streams.test.title": "Test Source",
   "streams.test.run": "🧪 Run",
-  "streams.test.running": "Testing stream...",
+  "streams.test.running": "Testing source...",
   "streams.test.duration": "Capture Duration (s):",
-  "streams.test.error.failed": "Stream test failed",
+  "streams.test.error.failed": "Source test failed",
   "postprocessing.title": "\uD83D\uDCC4 Filter Templates",
-  "postprocessing.description": "Processing templates define image filters and color correction. Assign them to processed picture streams for consistent postprocessing across devices.",
+  "postprocessing.description": "Processing templates define image filters and color correction. Assign them to processed picture sources for consistent postprocessing across devices.",
   "postprocessing.add": "Add Filter Template",
   "postprocessing.edit": "Edit Filter Template",
   "postprocessing.name": "Template Name:",
@@ -269,16 +269,16 @@
   "postprocessing.error.delete": "Failed to delete processing template",
   "postprocessing.config.show": "Show settings",
   "postprocessing.test.title": "Test Filter Template",
-  "postprocessing.test.source_stream": "Source Stream:",
+  "postprocessing.test.source_stream": "Source:",
   "postprocessing.test.running": "Testing processing template...",
-  "postprocessing.test.error.no_stream": "Please select a source stream",
+  "postprocessing.test.error.no_stream": "Please select a source",
   "postprocessing.test.error.failed": "Processing template test failed",
-  "device.button.stream_selector": "Stream Settings",
+  "device.button.stream_selector": "Source Settings",
-  "device.stream_settings.title": "📺 Stream Settings",
+  "device.stream_settings.title": "📺 Source Settings",
-  "device.stream_selector.label": "Stream:",
+  "device.stream_selector.label": "Source:",
-  "device.stream_selector.hint": "Select a stream that defines what this device captures and processes",
+  "device.stream_selector.hint": "Select a source that defines what this device captures and processes",
-  "device.stream_selector.none": "-- No stream assigned --",
+  "device.stream_selector.none": "-- No source assigned --",
-  "device.stream_selector.saved": "Stream settings updated",
+  "device.stream_selector.saved": "Source settings updated",
   "device.stream_settings.border_width": "Border Width (px):",
   "device.stream_settings.border_width_hint": "How many pixels from the screen edge to sample for LED colors (1-100)",
   "device.stream_settings.interpolation": "Interpolation Mode:",
@@ -288,10 +288,10 @@
   "device.stream_settings.interpolation_hint": "How to calculate LED color from sampled pixels",
   "device.stream_settings.smoothing": "Smoothing:",
   "device.stream_settings.smoothing_hint": "Temporal blending between frames (0=none, 1=full). Reduces flicker.",
-  "device.tip.stream_selector": "Configure picture stream and LED projection settings for this device",
+  "device.tip.stream_selector": "Configure picture source and LED projection settings for this device",
   "streams.group.static_image": "Static Image",
-  "streams.add.static_image": "Add Static Image",
+  "streams.add.static_image": "Add Static Image Source",
-  "streams.edit.static_image": "Edit Static Image",
+  "streams.edit.static_image": "Edit Static Image Source",
   "streams.type.static_image": "Static Image",
   "streams.image_source": "Image Source:",
   "streams.image_source.placeholder": "https://example.com/image.jpg or C:\\path\\to\\image.png",

server/src/wled_controller/static/locales/ru.json

@@ -199,19 +199,19 @@
   "confirm.no": "Нет",
   "common.delete": "Удалить",
   "common.edit": "Редактировать",
-  "streams.title": "\uD83D\uDCFA Потоки",
+  "streams.title": "\uD83D\uDCFA Источники",
-  "streams.description": "Потоки определяют конвейер захвата. Сырой поток захватывает экран с помощью шаблона захвата. Обработанный поток применяет постобработку к другому потоку. Назначайте потоки устройствам.",
+  "streams.description": "Источники определяют конвейер захвата. Сырой источник захватывает экран с помощью шаблона захвата. Обработанный источник применяет постобработку к другому источнику. Назначайте источники устройствам.",
   "streams.group.raw": "Захват Экрана",
   "streams.group.processed": "Обработанные",
-  "streams.section.streams": "\uD83D\uDCFA Потоки",
+  "streams.section.streams": "\uD83D\uDCFA Источники",
-  "streams.add": "Добавить Поток",
+  "streams.add": "Добавить Источник",
   "streams.add.raw": "Добавить Захват Экрана",
   "streams.add.processed": "Добавить Обработанный",
-  "streams.edit": "Редактировать Поток",
+  "streams.edit": "Редактировать Источник",
   "streams.edit.raw": "Редактировать Захват Экрана",
-  "streams.edit.processed": "Редактировать Обработанный Поток",
+  "streams.edit.processed": "Редактировать Обработанный Источник",
-  "streams.name": "Имя Потока:",
+  "streams.name": "Имя Источника:",
-  "streams.name.placeholder": "Мой Поток",
+  "streams.name.placeholder": "Мой Источник",
   "streams.type": "Тип:",
   "streams.type.raw": "Захват экрана",
   "streams.type.processed": "Обработанный",
@@ -221,26 +221,26 @@
   "streams.capture_template.hint": "Шаблон движка, определяющий способ захвата экрана",
   "streams.target_fps": "Целевой FPS:",
   "streams.target_fps.hint": "Целевое количество кадров в секунду (10-90)",
-  "streams.source": "Исходный Поток:",
+  "streams.source": "Источник:",
-  "streams.source.hint": "Поток, к которому применяются фильтры обработки",
+  "streams.source.hint": "Источник, к которому применяются фильтры обработки",
   "streams.pp_template": "Шаблон Фильтра:",
-  "streams.pp_template.hint": "Шаблон фильтра для применения к исходному потоку",
+  "streams.pp_template.hint": "Шаблон фильтра для применения к источнику",
   "streams.description_label": "Описание (необязательно):",
-  "streams.description_placeholder": "Опишите этот поток...",
+  "streams.description_placeholder": "Опишите этот источник...",
-  "streams.created": "Поток успешно создан",
+  "streams.created": "Источник успешно создан",
-  "streams.updated": "Поток успешно обновлён",
+  "streams.updated": "Источник успешно обновлён",
-  "streams.deleted": "Поток успешно удалён",
+  "streams.deleted": "Источник успешно удалён",
-  "streams.delete.confirm": "Вы уверены, что хотите удалить этот поток?",
+  "streams.delete.confirm": "Вы уверены, что хотите удалить этот источник?",
-  "streams.error.load": "Не удалось загрузить потоки",
+  "streams.error.load": "Не удалось загрузить источники",
   "streams.error.required": "Пожалуйста, заполните все обязательные поля",
-  "streams.error.delete": "Не удалось удалить поток",
+  "streams.error.delete": "Не удалось удалить источник",
-  "streams.test.title": "Тест Потока",
+  "streams.test.title": "Тест Источника",
   "streams.test.run": "🧪 Запустить",
-  "streams.test.running": "Тестирование потока...",
+  "streams.test.running": "Тестирование источника...",
   "streams.test.duration": "Длительность Захвата (с):",
-  "streams.test.error.failed": "Тест потока не удался",
+  "streams.test.error.failed": "Тест источника не удался",
   "postprocessing.title": "\uD83D\uDCC4 Шаблоны Фильтров",
-  "postprocessing.description": "Шаблоны обработки определяют фильтры изображений и цветокоррекцию. Назначайте их обработанным видеопотокам для единообразной постобработки на всех устройствах.",
+  "postprocessing.description": "Шаблоны обработки определяют фильтры изображений и цветокоррекцию. Назначайте их обработанным источникам для единообразной постобработки на всех устройствах.",
   "postprocessing.add": "Добавить Шаблон Фильтра",
   "postprocessing.edit": "Редактировать Шаблон Фильтра",
   "postprocessing.name": "Имя Шаблона:",
@@ -269,16 +269,16 @@
   "postprocessing.error.delete": "Не удалось удалить шаблон фильтра",
   "postprocessing.config.show": "Показать настройки",
   "postprocessing.test.title": "Тест шаблона фильтра",
-  "postprocessing.test.source_stream": "Источник потока:",
+  "postprocessing.test.source_stream": "Источник:",
   "postprocessing.test.running": "Тестирование шаблона фильтра...",
-  "postprocessing.test.error.no_stream": "Пожалуйста, выберите источник потока",
+  "postprocessing.test.error.no_stream": "Пожалуйста, выберите источник",
   "postprocessing.test.error.failed": "Тест шаблона фильтра не удался",
-  "device.button.stream_selector": "Настройки потока",
+  "device.button.stream_selector": "Настройки источника",
-  "device.stream_settings.title": "📺 Настройки потока",
+  "device.stream_settings.title": "📺 Настройки источника",
-  "device.stream_selector.label": "Поток:",
+  "device.stream_selector.label": "Источник:",
-  "device.stream_selector.hint": "Выберите поток, определяющий что это устройство захватывает и обрабатывает",
+  "device.stream_selector.hint": "Выберите источник, определяющий что это устройство захватывает и обрабатывает",
-  "device.stream_selector.none": "-- Поток не назначен --",
+  "device.stream_selector.none": "-- Источник не назначен --",
-  "device.stream_selector.saved": "Настройки потока обновлены",
+  "device.stream_selector.saved": "Настройки источника обновлены",
   "device.stream_settings.border_width": "Ширина границы (px):",
   "device.stream_settings.border_width_hint": "Сколько пикселей от края экрана выбирать для цвета LED (1-100)",
   "device.stream_settings.interpolation": "Режим интерполяции:",
@@ -288,10 +288,10 @@
   "device.stream_settings.interpolation_hint": "Как вычислять цвет LED из выбранных пикселей",
   "device.stream_settings.smoothing": "Сглаживание:",
   "device.stream_settings.smoothing_hint": "Временное смешивание между кадрами (0=нет, 1=полное). Уменьшает мерцание.",
-  "device.tip.stream_selector": "Настройки видеопотока и проекции LED для этого устройства",
+  "device.tip.stream_selector": "Настройки источника и проекции LED для этого устройства",
   "streams.group.static_image": "Статические",
-  "streams.add.static_image": "Добавить статическое изображение",
+  "streams.add.static_image": "Добавить статическое изображение (источник)",
-  "streams.edit.static_image": "Редактировать статическое изображение",
+  "streams.edit.static_image": "Редактировать статическое изображение (источник)",
   "streams.type.static_image": "Статическое изображение",
   "streams.image_source": "Источник изображения:",
   "streams.image_source.placeholder": "https://example.com/image.jpg или C:\\path\\to\\image.png",

server/src/wled_controller/storage/__init__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """Storage layer for device and configuration persistence."""
 
 from .device_store import DeviceStore
-from .picture_stream_store import PictureStreamStore
+from .picture_source_store import PictureSourceStore
 from .postprocessing_template_store import PostprocessingTemplateStore
 
-__all__ = ["DeviceStore", "PictureStreamStore", "PostprocessingTemplateStore"]
+__all__ = ["DeviceStore", "PictureSourceStore", "PostprocessingTemplateStore"]

server/src/wled_controller/storage/device_store.py

@@ -30,8 +30,7 @@ class Device:
         enabled: bool = True,
         settings: Optional[ProcessingSettings] = None,
         calibration: Optional[CalibrationConfig] = None,
-        capture_template_id: str = "",
+        picture_source_id: str = "",
-        picture_stream_id: str = "",
         created_at: Optional[datetime] = None,
         updated_at: Optional[datetime] = None,
     ):
@@ -45,8 +44,7 @@ class Device:
             enabled: Whether device is enabled
             settings: Processing settings
             calibration: Calibration configuration
-            capture_template_id: ID of assigned capture template (legacy, use picture_stream_id)
+            picture_source_id: ID of assigned picture source
-            picture_stream_id: ID of assigned picture stream
             created_at: Creation timestamp
             updated_at: Last update timestamp
         """
@@ -57,8 +55,7 @@ class Device:
         self.enabled = enabled
         self.settings = settings or ProcessingSettings()
         self.calibration = calibration or create_default_calibration(led_count)
-        self.capture_template_id = capture_template_id
+        self.picture_source_id = picture_source_id
-        self.picture_stream_id = picture_stream_id
         self.created_at = created_at or datetime.utcnow()
         self.updated_at = updated_at or datetime.utcnow()
 
@@ -86,8 +83,7 @@ class Device:
                 "state_check_interval": self.settings.state_check_interval,
             },
             "calibration": calibration_to_dict(self.calibration),
-            "capture_template_id": self.capture_template_id,
+            "picture_source_id": self.picture_source_id,
-            "picture_stream_id": self.picture_stream_id,
             "created_at": self.created_at.isoformat(),
             "updated_at": self.updated_at.isoformat(),
         }
@@ -112,10 +108,7 @@ class Device:
             saturation=settings_data.get("saturation", 1.0),
             smoothing=settings_data.get("smoothing", 0.3),
             interpolation_mode=settings_data.get("interpolation_mode", "average"),
-            state_check_interval=settings_data.get(
+            state_check_interval=settings_data.get("state_check_interval", DEFAULT_STATE_CHECK_INTERVAL),
-                "state_check_interval",
-                settings_data.get("health_check_interval", DEFAULT_STATE_CHECK_INTERVAL),
-            ),
         )
 
         calibration_data = data.get("calibration")
@@ -125,8 +118,7 @@ class Device:
             else create_default_calibration(data["led_count"])
         )
 
-        capture_template_id = data.get("capture_template_id", "")
+        picture_source_id = data.get("picture_source_id", "")
-        picture_stream_id = data.get("picture_stream_id", "")
 
         return cls(
             device_id=data["id"],
@@ -136,8 +128,7 @@ class Device:
             enabled=data.get("enabled", True),
             settings=settings,
             calibration=calibration,
-            capture_template_id=capture_template_id,
+            picture_source_id=picture_source_id,
-            picture_stream_id=picture_stream_id,
             created_at=datetime.fromisoformat(data.get("created_at", datetime.utcnow().isoformat())),
             updated_at=datetime.fromisoformat(data.get("updated_at", datetime.utcnow().isoformat())),
         )
@@ -219,8 +210,7 @@ class DeviceStore:
         led_count: int,
         settings: Optional[ProcessingSettings] = None,
         calibration: Optional[CalibrationConfig] = None,
-        capture_template_id: str = "",
+        picture_source_id: str = "",
-        picture_stream_id: str = "",
     ) -> Device:
         """Create a new device.
 
@@ -230,7 +220,7 @@ class DeviceStore:
             led_count: Number of LEDs
             settings: Processing settings
             calibration: Calibration configuration
-            capture_template_id: ID of assigned capture template
+            picture_source_id: ID of assigned picture source
 
         Returns:
             Created device
@@ -249,8 +239,7 @@ class DeviceStore:
             led_count=led_count,
             settings=settings,
             calibration=calibration,
-            capture_template_id=capture_template_id,
+            picture_source_id=picture_source_id,
-            picture_stream_id=picture_stream_id,
         )
 
         # Store
@@ -288,8 +277,7 @@ class DeviceStore:
         enabled: Optional[bool] = None,
         settings: Optional[ProcessingSettings] = None,
         calibration: Optional[CalibrationConfig] = None,
-        capture_template_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        picture_source_id: Optional[str] = None,
-        picture_stream_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> Device:
         """Update device.
 
@@ -301,7 +289,7 @@ class DeviceStore:
             enabled: New enabled state (optional)
             settings: New settings (optional)
             calibration: New calibration (optional)
-            capture_template_id: New capture template ID (optional)
+            picture_source_id: New picture source ID (optional)
 
         Returns:
             Updated device
@@ -334,10 +322,8 @@ class DeviceStore:
                     f"does not match device LED count ({device.led_count})"
                 )
             device.calibration = calibration
-        if capture_template_id is not None:
+        if picture_source_id is not None:
-            device.capture_template_id = capture_template_id
+            device.picture_source_id = picture_source_id
-        if picture_stream_id is not None:
-            device.picture_stream_id = picture_stream_id
 
         device.updated_at = datetime.utcnow()
 

server/src/wled_controller/storage/picture_source.py

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+"""Picture source data model with inheritance-based stream types."""
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Optional
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PictureSource:
+    """Base class for picture source configurations.
+
+    A picture source is either:
+    - "raw": captures from a display using a capture engine template at a target FPS
+    - "processed": applies postprocessing to another picture source
+    - "static_image": returns a static frame from a URL or local file path
+    """
+
+    id: str
+    name: str
+    stream_type: str  # "raw", "processed", or "static_image"
+    created_at: datetime
+    updated_at: datetime
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
+        """Convert stream to dictionary. Subclasses extend this."""
+        return {
+            "id": self.id,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "stream_type": self.stream_type,
+            "created_at": self.created_at.isoformat(),
+            "updated_at": self.updated_at.isoformat(),
+            "description": self.description,
+            # Subclass fields default to None for backward compat
+            "display_index": None,
+            "capture_template_id": None,
+            "target_fps": None,
+            "source_stream_id": None,
+            "postprocessing_template_id": None,
+            "image_source": None,
+        }
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_dict(data: dict) -> "PictureSource":
+        """Factory: dispatch to the correct subclass based on stream_type."""
+        stream_type: str = data.get("stream_type", "raw") or "raw"
+        sid: str = data["id"]
+        name: str = data["name"]
+        description: str | None = data.get("description")
+
+        raw_created = data.get("created_at")
+        created_at: datetime = (
+            datetime.fromisoformat(raw_created)
+            if isinstance(raw_created, str)
+            else raw_created if isinstance(raw_created, datetime)
+            else datetime.utcnow()
+        )
+        raw_updated = data.get("updated_at")
+        updated_at: datetime = (
+            datetime.fromisoformat(raw_updated)
+            if isinstance(raw_updated, str)
+            else raw_updated if isinstance(raw_updated, datetime)
+            else datetime.utcnow()
+        )
+
+        if stream_type == "processed":
+            return ProcessedPictureSource(
+                id=sid, name=name, stream_type=stream_type,
+                created_at=created_at, updated_at=updated_at, description=description,
+                source_stream_id=data.get("source_stream_id") or "",
+                postprocessing_template_id=data.get("postprocessing_template_id") or "",
+            )
+        elif stream_type == "static_image":
+            return StaticImagePictureSource(
+                id=sid, name=name, stream_type=stream_type,
+                created_at=created_at, updated_at=updated_at, description=description,
+                image_source=data.get("image_source") or "",
+            )
+        else:
+            return ScreenCapturePictureSource(
+                id=sid, name=name, stream_type=stream_type,
+                created_at=created_at, updated_at=updated_at, description=description,
+                display_index=data.get("display_index") or 0,
+                capture_template_id=data.get("capture_template_id") or "",
+                target_fps=data.get("target_fps") or 30,
+            )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ScreenCapturePictureSource(PictureSource):
+    """A raw capture stream from a display."""
+
+    display_index: int = 0
+    capture_template_id: str = ""
+    target_fps: int = 30
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
+        d = super().to_dict()
+        d["display_index"] = self.display_index
+        d["capture_template_id"] = self.capture_template_id
+        d["target_fps"] = self.target_fps
+        return d
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ProcessedPictureSource(PictureSource):
+    """A processed stream that applies postprocessing to another stream."""
+
+    source_stream_id: str = ""
+    postprocessing_template_id: str = ""
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
+        d = super().to_dict()
+        d["source_stream_id"] = self.source_stream_id
+        d["postprocessing_template_id"] = self.postprocessing_template_id
+        return d
+
+
+@dataclass
+class StaticImagePictureSource(PictureSource):
+    """A static image stream from a URL or file path."""
+
+    image_source: str = ""
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
+        d = super().to_dict()
+        d["image_source"] = self.image_source
+        return d

server/src/wled_controller/storage/picture_source_store.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Picture stream storage using JSON files."""
+"""Picture source storage using JSON files."""
 
 import json
 import uuid
@@ -6,27 +6,32 @@ from datetime import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Set
 
-from wled_controller.storage.picture_stream import PictureStream
+from wled_controller.storage.picture_source import (
+    PictureSource,
+    ScreenCapturePictureSource,
+    ProcessedPictureSource,
+    StaticImagePictureSource,
+)
 from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
-class PictureStreamStore:
+class PictureSourceStore:
-    """Storage for picture streams.
+    """Storage for picture sources.
 
     Supports raw and processed stream types with cycle detection
     for processed streams that reference other streams.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, file_path: str):
-        """Initialize picture stream store.
+        """Initialize picture source store.
 
         Args:
             file_path: Path to streams JSON file
         """
         self.file_path = Path(file_path)
-        self._streams: Dict[str, PictureStream] = {}
+        self._streams: Dict[str, PictureSource] = {}
         self._load()
 
     def _load(self) -> None:
@@ -38,27 +43,27 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
             with open(self.file_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 data = json.load(f)
 
-            streams_data = data.get("picture_streams", {})
+            streams_data = data.get("picture_sources", {})
             loaded = 0
             for stream_id, stream_dict in streams_data.items():
                 try:
-                    stream = PictureStream.from_dict(stream_dict)
+                    stream = PictureSource.from_dict(stream_dict)
                     self._streams[stream_id] = stream
                     loaded += 1
                 except Exception as e:
                     logger.error(
-                        f"Failed to load picture stream {stream_id}: {e}",
+                        f"Failed to load picture source {stream_id}: {e}",
                         exc_info=True,
                     )
 
             if loaded > 0:
-                logger.info(f"Loaded {loaded} picture streams from storage")
+                logger.info(f"Loaded {loaded} picture sources from storage")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to load picture streams from {self.file_path}: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to load picture sources from {self.file_path}: {e}")
             raise
 
-        logger.info(f"Picture stream store initialized with {len(self._streams)} streams")
+        logger.info(f"Picture source store initialized with {len(self._streams)} streams")
 
     def _save(self) -> None:
         """Save all streams to file."""
@@ -72,14 +77,14 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
 
             data = {
                 "version": "1.0.0",
-                "picture_streams": streams_dict,
+                "picture_sources": streams_dict,
             }
 
             with open(self.file_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 json.dump(data, f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to save picture streams to {self.file_path}: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to save picture sources to {self.file_path}: {e}")
             raise
 
     def _detect_cycle(self, source_stream_id: str, exclude_stream_id: Optional[str] = None) -> bool:
@@ -105,24 +110,24 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
             current_stream = self._streams.get(current_id)
             if not current_stream:
                 break
-            if current_stream.stream_type != "processed":
+            if not isinstance(current_stream, ProcessedPictureSource):
                 break
             current_id = current_stream.source_stream_id
 
         return False
 
-    def get_all_streams(self) -> List[PictureStream]:
+    def get_all_streams(self) -> List[PictureSource]:
-        """Get all picture streams."""
+        """Get all picture sources."""
         return list(self._streams.values())
 
-    def get_stream(self, stream_id: str) -> PictureStream:
+    def get_stream(self, stream_id: str) -> PictureSource:
         """Get stream by ID.
 
         Raises:
             ValueError: If stream not found
         """
         if stream_id not in self._streams:
-            raise ValueError(f"Picture stream not found: {stream_id}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Picture source not found: {stream_id}")
         return self._streams[stream_id]
 
     def create_stream(
@@ -136,8 +141,8 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
         postprocessing_template_id: Optional[str] = None,
         image_source: Optional[str] = None,
         description: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> PictureStream:
+    ) -> PictureSource:
-        """Create a new picture stream.
+        """Create a new picture source.
 
         Args:
             name: Stream name
@@ -181,30 +186,40 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
         # Check for duplicate name
         for stream in self._streams.values():
             if stream.name == name:
-                raise ValueError(f"Picture stream with name '{name}' already exists")
+                raise ValueError(f"Picture source with name '{name}' already exists")
 
         stream_id = f"ps_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:8]}"
         now = datetime.utcnow()
 
-        stream = PictureStream(
+        common = dict(
-            id=stream_id,
+            id=stream_id, name=name, stream_type=stream_type,
-            name=name,
+            created_at=now, updated_at=now, description=description,
-            stream_type=stream_type,
-            display_index=display_index,
-            capture_template_id=capture_template_id,
-            target_fps=target_fps,
-            source_stream_id=source_stream_id,
-            postprocessing_template_id=postprocessing_template_id,
-            image_source=image_source,
-            created_at=now,
-            updated_at=now,
-            description=description,
         )
 
+        stream: PictureSource
+        if stream_type == "raw":
+            stream = ScreenCapturePictureSource(
+                **common,
+                display_index=display_index,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                capture_template_id=capture_template_id,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                target_fps=target_fps,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            )
+        elif stream_type == "processed":
+            stream = ProcessedPictureSource(
+                **common,
+                source_stream_id=source_stream_id,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                postprocessing_template_id=postprocessing_template_id,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            )
+        else:
+            stream = StaticImagePictureSource(
+                **common,
+                image_source=image_source,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            )
+
         self._streams[stream_id] = stream
         self._save()
 
-        logger.info(f"Created picture stream: {name} ({stream_id}, type={stream_type})")
+        logger.info(f"Created picture source: {name} ({stream_id}, type={stream_type})")
         return stream
 
     def update_stream(
@@ -218,19 +233,19 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
         postprocessing_template_id: Optional[str] = None,
         image_source: Optional[str] = None,
         description: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> PictureStream:
+    ) -> PictureSource:
-        """Update an existing picture stream.
+        """Update an existing picture source.
 
         Raises:
             ValueError: If stream not found, validation fails, or cycle detected
         """
         if stream_id not in self._streams:
-            raise ValueError(f"Picture stream not found: {stream_id}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Picture source not found: {stream_id}")
 
         stream = self._streams[stream_id]
 
         # If changing source_stream_id on a processed stream, check for cycles
-        if source_stream_id is not None and stream.stream_type == "processed":
+        if source_stream_id is not None and isinstance(stream, ProcessedPictureSource):
             if source_stream_id not in self._streams:
                 raise ValueError(f"Source stream not found: {source_stream_id}")
             if self._detect_cycle(source_stream_id, exclude_stream_id=stream_id):
@@ -238,40 +253,44 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
 
         if name is not None:
             stream.name = name
-        if display_index is not None:
-            stream.display_index = display_index
-        if capture_template_id is not None:
-            stream.capture_template_id = capture_template_id
-        if target_fps is not None:
-            stream.target_fps = target_fps
-        if source_stream_id is not None:
-            stream.source_stream_id = source_stream_id
-        if postprocessing_template_id is not None:
-            stream.postprocessing_template_id = postprocessing_template_id
-        if image_source is not None:
-            stream.image_source = image_source
         if description is not None:
             stream.description = description
 
+        if isinstance(stream, ScreenCapturePictureSource):
+            if display_index is not None:
+                stream.display_index = display_index
+            if capture_template_id is not None:
+                stream.capture_template_id = capture_template_id
+            if target_fps is not None:
+                stream.target_fps = target_fps
+        elif isinstance(stream, ProcessedPictureSource):
+            if source_stream_id is not None:
+                stream.source_stream_id = source_stream_id
+            if postprocessing_template_id is not None:
+                stream.postprocessing_template_id = postprocessing_template_id
+        elif isinstance(stream, StaticImagePictureSource):
+            if image_source is not None:
+                stream.image_source = image_source
+
         stream.updated_at = datetime.utcnow()
 
         self._save()
 
-        logger.info(f"Updated picture stream: {stream_id}")
+        logger.info(f"Updated picture source: {stream_id}")
         return stream
 
     def delete_stream(self, stream_id: str) -> None:
-        """Delete a picture stream.
+        """Delete a picture source.
 
         Raises:
             ValueError: If stream not found or is referenced by another stream
         """
         if stream_id not in self._streams:
-            raise ValueError(f"Picture stream not found: {stream_id}")
+            raise ValueError(f"Picture source not found: {stream_id}")
 
         # Check if any other stream references this one as source
         for other_stream in self._streams.values():
-            if other_stream.source_stream_id == stream_id:
+            if isinstance(other_stream, ProcessedPictureSource) and other_stream.source_stream_id == stream_id:
                 raise ValueError(
                     f"Cannot delete stream '{self._streams[stream_id].name}': "
                     f"it is referenced by stream '{other_stream.name}'"
@@ -280,7 +299,7 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
         del self._streams[stream_id]
         self._save()
 
-        logger.info(f"Deleted picture stream: {stream_id}")
+        logger.info(f"Deleted picture source: {stream_id}")
 
     def is_referenced_by_device(self, stream_id: str, device_store) -> bool:
         """Check if this stream is referenced by any device.
@@ -293,7 +312,7 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
             True if any device references this stream
         """
         for device in device_store.get_all_devices():
-            if getattr(device, "picture_stream_id", None) == stream_id:
+            if getattr(device, "picture_source_id", None) == stream_id:
                 return True
         return False
 
@@ -308,7 +327,7 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
 
         Returns:
             Dict with:
-                - raw_stream: The terminal PictureStream (raw or static_image)
+                - raw_stream: The terminal PictureSource (raw or static_image)
                 - postprocessing_template_ids: List of PP template IDs (in chain order)
 
         Raises:
@@ -325,7 +344,7 @@ class PictureStreamStore:
 
             stream = self.get_stream(current_id)
 
-            if stream.stream_type != "processed":
+            if not isinstance(stream, ProcessedPictureSource):
                 return {
                     "raw_stream": stream,
                     "postprocessing_template_ids": postprocessing_template_ids,

server/src/wled_controller/storage/picture_stream.py

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-"""Picture stream data model."""
-
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Optional
-
-
-@dataclass
-class PictureStream:
-    """Represents a picture stream configuration.
-
-    A picture stream is either:
-    - "raw": captures from a display using a capture engine template at a target FPS
-    - "processed": applies postprocessing to another picture stream
-    - "static_image": returns a static frame from a URL or local file path
-    """
-
-    id: str
-    name: str
-    stream_type: str  # "raw", "processed", or "static_image"
-    created_at: datetime
-    updated_at: datetime
-
-    # Raw stream fields (used when stream_type == "raw")
-    display_index: Optional[int] = None
-    capture_template_id: Optional[str] = None
-    target_fps: Optional[int] = None
-
-    # Processed stream fields (used when stream_type == "processed")
-    source_stream_id: Optional[str] = None
-    postprocessing_template_id: Optional[str] = None
-
-    # Static image fields (used when stream_type == "static_image")
-    image_source: Optional[str] = None
-
-    description: Optional[str] = None
-
-    def to_dict(self) -> dict:
-        """Convert stream to dictionary."""
-        return {
-            "id": self.id,
-            "name": self.name,
-            "stream_type": self.stream_type,
-            "display_index": self.display_index,
-            "capture_template_id": self.capture_template_id,
-            "target_fps": self.target_fps,
-            "source_stream_id": self.source_stream_id,
-            "postprocessing_template_id": self.postprocessing_template_id,
-            "image_source": self.image_source,
-            "created_at": self.created_at.isoformat(),
-            "updated_at": self.updated_at.isoformat(),
-            "description": self.description,
-        }
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_dict(cls, data: dict) -> "PictureStream":
-        """Create stream from dictionary."""
-        return cls(
-            id=data["id"],
-            name=data["name"],
-            stream_type=data["stream_type"],
-            display_index=data.get("display_index"),
-            capture_template_id=data.get("capture_template_id"),
-            target_fps=data.get("target_fps"),
-            source_stream_id=data.get("source_stream_id"),
-            postprocessing_template_id=data.get("postprocessing_template_id"),
-            image_source=data.get("image_source"),
-            created_at=datetime.fromisoformat(data["created_at"])
-            if isinstance(data.get("created_at"), str)
-            else data.get("created_at", datetime.utcnow()),
-            updated_at=datetime.fromisoformat(data["updated_at"])
-            if isinstance(data.get("updated_at"), str)
-            else data.get("updated_at", datetime.utcnow()),
-            description=data.get("description"),
-        )

server/src/wled_controller/storage/postprocessing_template.py

@@ -31,25 +31,8 @@ class PostprocessingTemplate:
 
     @classmethod
     def from_dict(cls, data: dict) -> "PostprocessingTemplate":
-        """Create template from dictionary.
+        """Create template from dictionary."""
-
+        filters = [FilterInstance.from_dict(f) for f in data.get("filters", [])]
-        Supports migration from legacy flat-field format (gamma/saturation/brightness)
-        to the new filters list format.
-        """
-        if "filters" in data:
-            filters = [FilterInstance.from_dict(f) for f in data["filters"]]
-        else:
-            # Legacy migration: construct filters from flat fields
-            filters = []
-            brightness = data.get("brightness", 1.0)
-            if brightness != 1.0:
-                filters.append(FilterInstance("brightness", {"value": brightness}))
-            saturation = data.get("saturation", 1.0)
-            if saturation != 1.0:
-                filters.append(FilterInstance("saturation", {"value": saturation}))
-            gamma = data.get("gamma", 2.2)
-            if gamma != 2.2:
-                filters.append(FilterInstance("gamma", {"value": gamma}))
 
         return cls(
             id=data["id"],

server/src/wled_controller/storage/postprocessing_template_store.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from typing import Dict, List, Optional
 
 from wled_controller.core.filters.filter_instance import FilterInstance
 from wled_controller.core.filters.registry import FilterRegistry
+from wled_controller.storage.picture_source import ProcessedPictureSource
 from wled_controller.storage.postprocessing_template import PostprocessingTemplate
 from wled_controller.utils import get_logger
 
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ class PostprocessingTemplateStore:
         """Delete a postprocessing template.
 
         Raises:
-            ValueError: If template not found or is referenced by a picture stream
+            ValueError: If template not found or is referenced by a picture source
         """
         if template_id not in self._templates:
             raise ValueError(f"Postprocessing template not found: {template_id}")
@@ -219,17 +220,17 @@ class PostprocessingTemplateStore:
 
         logger.info(f"Deleted postprocessing template: {template_id}")
 
-    def is_referenced_by(self, template_id: str, picture_stream_store) -> bool:
+    def is_referenced_by(self, template_id: str, picture_source_store) -> bool:
-        """Check if this template is referenced by any picture stream.
+        """Check if this template is referenced by any picture source.
 
         Args:
             template_id: Template ID to check
-            picture_stream_store: PictureStreamStore instance
+            picture_source_store: PictureSourceStore instance
 
         Returns:
-            True if any picture stream references this template
+            True if any picture source references this template
         """
-        for stream in picture_stream_store.get_all_streams():
+        for stream in picture_source_store.get_all_streams():
-            if stream.postprocessing_template_id == template_id:
+            if isinstance(stream, ProcessedPictureSource) and stream.postprocessing_template_id == template_id:
                 return True
         return False