fix(phys8): восстановлен <!doctype>, JS-блок интерактивов возвращён в <script> (ch1-3)

This commit is contained in:
Maxim Dolgolyov
2026-06-01 10:53:42 +03:00
parent e88cd431ca
commit 6ae7e1877e
3 changed files with 791 additions and 794 deletions
+254 -255
View File
@@ -1,4 +1,257 @@
<! <!doctype html>
<html lang="ru">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate">
<meta http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0">
<title>Физика 8 · Глава 1 · «Тепловые явления»</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-interactives.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-design-system.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys-textbook-widgets.css">
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.js"></script>
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js"
onload="renderMathInElement(document.body,{delimiters:[{left:'$$',right:'$$',display:true},{left:'$',right:'$',display:false},{left:'\\[',right:'\\]',display:true},{left:'\\(',right:'\\)',display:false}],throwOnError:false})"></script>
<script src="/js/api.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/xp.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/g3d.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-helpers.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-drag.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-anim.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/optics.js" defer></script>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700;800&family=Manrope:wght@600;700;800;900&family=Unbounded:wght@700;800;900&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
:root{
--bg:#fef2f2; --card:#fff; --card-soft:#f8fafc; --text:#0f172a; --ink:#0f172a; --muted:#64748b;
--border:#e2e8f0; --sh:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.06); --sh2:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.08);
--pri:#7c3aed; --pri2:#5b21b6; --pri-soft:#ede9fe;
--acc:#a78bfa; --acc2:#7c3aed; --acc-soft:#ede9fe;
--ok:#10b981; --ok-bg:#d1fae5; --warn:#f59e0b; --warn-bg:#fef3c7;
--bad:#ef4444; --fail:#dc2626; --fail-bg:#fee2e2;
}
.dark{--bg:#0a0a0e; --card:#13120a; --card-soft:#18160a; --text:#fef9e7; --ink:#fef9e7; --muted:#a39070; --border:#2a2512}
*{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}
html,body{font-family:'Inter',system-ui,sans-serif;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text);line-height:1.55;font-size:15px}
button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}
button{cursor:pointer;border:0;background:transparent;color:inherit}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
.ic{width:16px;height:16px;display:inline-block;flex-shrink:0;stroke:currentColor;fill:none;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;vertical-align:middle}
.hdr{position:relative;background:linear-gradient(110deg,#7f1d1d 0%,#dc2626 55%,#fca5a5 100%);color:#fff;padding:46px 22px 30px;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:2px solid rgba(255,255,255,.2);min-height:130px}
.hdr-row{position:relative;z-index:1;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr h1{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.3;padding-top:4px}
.hdr-sub{font-size:.85rem;opacity:.88;margin-top:6px;font-weight:500;line-height:1.4}
.hdr-side{margin-left:auto;display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr-btn{padding:7px 12px;border-radius:9px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.14);color:#fff;font-weight:600;font-size:.82rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;transition:background .15s;text-decoration:none}
.hdr-btn:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.24)}
.main{max-width:1240px;margin:0 auto;padding:22px;width:100%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 280px;gap:24px}
@media(max-width:980px){.main{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:14px}}
.col-main{min-width:0}
.hero{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft) 0%,var(--acc-soft) 50%,var(--pri-soft) 100%);background-size:200% 200%;animation:heroShift 12s ease-in-out infinite;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:18px;padding:24px 22px;margin-bottom:24px;position:relative;overflow:hidden}
@keyframes heroShift{0%,100%{background-position:0% 50%}50%{background-position:100% 50%}}
.hero h2{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.55rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.hero p{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--text);opacity:.88;margin-bottom:14px;max-width:640px}
.hero-row{display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}
.btn-primary{padding:11px 22px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--pri2));color:#fff;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;box-shadow:var(--sh2);transition:transform .15s,box-shadow .15s}
.btn-primary:hover{transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.18)}
.hero-progress{flex:1;min-width:200px;max-width:280px}
.hp-label{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;display:block;margin-bottom:5px}
.hp-bar{height:8px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.12);border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden}
.hp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:5px;width:0%;transition:width .6s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1)}
.hp-text{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted);font-weight:700;margin-top:4px;display:block}
.hero-xp-badge{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:6px 12px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--warn,#f59e0b),var(--pri));color:#fff;border-radius:99px;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.02em;box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.18);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.psel{margin-bottom:24px}
.psel-title{font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:10px}
.psel-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(180px,1fr));gap:10px}
.psel-card{background:var(--card);border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:13px;padding:14px;cursor:pointer;transition:transform .2s,box-shadow .2s,border-color .2s;text-align:left;position:relative}
.psel-card:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:var(--sh2);border-color:var(--pri)}
.psel-card.active{border-color:var(--pri);background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft),var(--card));box-shadow:var(--sh2)}
.psel-card.active::after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:13px 13px 0 0}
.psel-num{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:5px}
.psel-name{font-size:.86rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--text);line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:8px}
.psel-prog{height:4px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:3px;overflow:hidden}
.psel-prog-fill{height:100%;background:var(--pri);width:0%;transition:width .4s}
.psel-card.final{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft))}
.psel-card.final .psel-num{color:var(--warn)}
.sec[id="sec-p1"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p2"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p3"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p4"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p5"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p6"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p7"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p8"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p9"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p10"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p11"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-final1"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec{display:none;position:relative;animation:fadeIn .35s ease}
.sec.active{display:block}
@keyframes fadeIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(8px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
.sec-header{margin-bottom:22px;padding-bottom:14px;border-bottom:2px solid var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));position:relative;z-index:1}
.sec-num{display:inline-block;padding:4px 10px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--sec-acc,var(--pri)),var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2)));color:#fff;border-radius:7px;font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.04em;margin-bottom:8px}
.sec-h{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.25}
.card{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:18px 20px;margin-bottom:16px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.04),0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.04);position:relative;z-index:1;transition:transform .25s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1),box-shadow .25s}
.card:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.06),0 16px 36px rgba(0,0,0,.08)}
.card-header{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-bottom:12px;padding-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--border)}
.card-icon{width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:9px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;color:#fff}
.card-icon.repeat{background:#0ea5e9}.card-icon.theory{background:#8b5cf6}.card-icon.algo{background:#f59e0b}.card-icon.rule{background:#ec4899}.card-icon.example{background:#10b981}.card-icon.oral{background:#06b6d4}
.card-icon .ic{width:18px;height:18px}
.card-title{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--muted);flex:1}
.card-num{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));padding:3px 7px;border-radius:5px}
.card-body{font-size:.94rem;line-height:1.65}
.card-body p{margin-bottom:8px}
.card-body p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
.btn{padding:8px 16px;border-radius:8px;background:var(--card);color:var(--text);border:1.5px solid var(--border);font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;transition:background .15s,border-color .15s,transform .1s}
.btn:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn:active{transform:scale(.96)}
.btn.primary{background:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri));color:#fff;border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn.primary:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));border-color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2))}
.feedback{padding:10px 14px;border-radius:9px;font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;margin-top:8px;display:none}
.feedback.ok{display:block;background:var(--ok-bg);color:#065f46;border-left:4px solid var(--ok)}
.feedback.fail{display:block;background:var(--fail-bg);color:#7f1d1d;border-left:4px solid var(--fail)}
.col-side{position:sticky;top:14px;align-self:start;height:fit-content;max-height:calc(100vh - 28px);overflow-y:auto}
.sidecard{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:16px;margin-bottom:14px;box-shadow:var(--sh)}
.sidecard h4{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.74rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border)}
.sidecard-row{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:.86rem;line-height:1.6}
.sidecard-row b{color:var(--pri);font-weight:700}
.sidecard-row:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
@media(max-width:980px){.col-side{position:static;max-height:none}}
.xp-card{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft));border:1.5px solid var(--acc);border-radius:12px;padding:14px;margin-bottom:14px}
.xp-card-title{font-size:.68rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--acc2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:8px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}
.xp-level{font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:900;color:var(--acc2);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.xp-bar{height:9px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;margin:7px 0}
.xp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--acc),var(--pri));border-radius:6px;transition:width .5s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}
.xp-nums{font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;justify-content:space-between}
.sec-nav{display:flex;gap:10px;margin-top:24px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap}
.foot{text-align:center;padding:30px 16px;color:var(--muted);font-size:.78rem;border-top:1px solid var(--border);margin-top:30px}
.ach-popup{position:fixed;top:80px;right:18px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));color:#fff;padding:12px 18px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.9rem;box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.32);z-index:1002;display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;max-width:340px}
.ach-popup.show{display:flex}
.col-side-backdrop{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.42);z-index:9990;display:none}
.col-side-backdrop.show{display:block}
@media(min-width:981px){#sidebar-btn{display:none}.col-side-backdrop.show{display:none}}
@media(max-width:980px){
.col-side{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;height:100vh;width:300px;max-width:88vw;background:var(--bg);box-shadow:-12px 0 24px rgba(0,0,0,.18);padding:18px 16px;overflow-y:auto;transform:translateX(100%);transition:transform .25s ease;z-index:9991;max-height:none}
.col-side.open{transform:none}
}
.search-modal{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(15,23,42,.55);backdrop-filter:blur(4px);z-index:9993;display:none;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:center;padding-top:14vh}
.search-modal.show{display:flex}
.search-box{background:var(--bg);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;width:560px;max-width:92vw;max-height:70vh;display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 24px 64px rgba(0,0,0,.4)}
.search-input{padding:14px 16px;font-size:1rem;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);background:transparent;color:var(--text);outline:none}
.search-results{flex:1;overflow-y:auto;padding:6px 0}
.search-row{display:block;padding:8px 16px;cursor:pointer;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);text-align:left;background:transparent;border:0;width:100%;color:var(--text)}
.search-row:hover,.search-row.active{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft))}
.search-row .sr-kind{font-size:.7rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;margin-bottom:2px}
.search-row .sr-title{font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--text)}
.search-row .sr-desc{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:2px}
.search-empty{padding:20px;text-align:center;color:var(--muted);font-size:.88rem}
.search-foot{padding:8px 14px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;gap:14px}
.search-foot kbd{padding:2px 6px;background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:4px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:.72rem}
.sec{transition:opacity .25s}
</style>
</head>
<body class="p8-theme-thermal">
<header class="p8-hero">
<div class="p8-hero-wm"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" aria-hidden="true">
<path d="M50 8 C 52 22 65 30 64 46 C 63 56 56 60 55 48 C 53 56 48 60 42 58 C 36 56 32 50 34 42 C 30 52 22 60 24 72 C 26 84 36 92 50 92 C 64 92 76 84 76 70 C 76 50 60 40 56 22 C 54 14 52 10 50 8 Z"/>
</svg></div>
<div class="p8-hero-meter" id="p8-meter-ch1"><span id="p8-meter-val">37</span>°C</div>
<div class="p8-hero-inner">
<div class="p8-hero-eyebrow">Глава 1 · 11 параграфов</div>
<h1 class="p8-hero-title">Тепловые явления</h1>
<div class="p8-hero-sub">Внутренняя энергия, способы теплопередачи, плавление и кипение. Перетаскивайте термометры, нагреватели и материалы — наблюдайте поведение тепла в реальном времени.</div>
<div class="hdr-side" style="margin-top:18px;display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;z-index:1">
<a href="/textbook/physics-8" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"/></svg> К физике 8</a>
<button id="search-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="7"/><path d="m21 21-4-4"/></svg> Поиск</button>
<button id="sidebar-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><line x1="4" y1="6" x2="20" y2="6"/><line x1="4" y1="12" x2="20" y2="12"/><line x1="4" y1="18" x2="14" y2="18"/></svg> Шпаргалка</button>
<button id="theme-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 12.8A9 9 0 1 1 11.2 3a7 7 0 0 0 9.8 9.8z"/></svg><span id="theme-lab">Тёмная</span></button>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<main class="main">
<div class="col-main">
<section class="hero">
<h2>Тепловые явления — как энергия переходит между телами</h2>
<p>Внутренняя энергия зависит от температуры тела. Тепло передаётся теплопроводностью, конвекцией и излучением. При нагревании, плавлении и кипении нужно разное количество теплоты.</p>
<div class="hero-row">
<button class="btn-primary" onclick="goTo('p1')"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polygon points="6 4 20 12 6 20 6 4" fill="currentColor" stroke="none"/></svg> Начать § 1</button>
<div class="hero-progress">
<span class="hp-label">Прогресс по главе</span>
<div class="hp-bar"><div id="hero-hp-fill" class="hp-fill"></div></div>
<span id="hero-hp-text" class="hp-text">0%</span>
</div>
<div id="hero-xp-badge" class="hero-xp-badge" data-gamified></div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="psel">
<div class="psel-title">Параграфы главы</div>
<div id="psel-grid" class="psel-grid"></div>
</section>
<section id="sec-p1" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p1" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="28" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="6" fill="none"/><path d="M50 22 v56 M22 50 h56" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 1</span><h2 class="sec-h">Внутренняя энергия</h2></div><div id="p1-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p2" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p2" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M50 12 v76 M50 12 l-14 16 M50 12 l14 16 M50 88 l-14-16 M50 88 l14-16" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 2</span><h2 class="sec-h">Способы изменения внутренней энергии</h2></div><div id="p2-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p3" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p3" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M14 50 h72 M86 50 l-14-14 M86 50 l-14 14" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 3</span><h2 class="sec-h">Теплопроводность</h2></div><div id="p3-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p4" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p4" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M30 80 C 30 50, 70 50, 70 30 M30 30 C 30 60, 70 60, 70 80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 4</span><h2 class="sec-h">Конвекция</h2></div><div id="p4-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p5" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p5" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="14" fill="currentColor"/><g stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"><line x1="50" y1="6" x2="50" y2="22"/><line x1="50" y1="78" x2="50" y2="94"/><line x1="6" y1="50" x2="22" y2="50"/><line x1="78" y1="50" x2="94" y2="50"/><line x1="18" y1="18" x2="30" y2="30"/><line x1="70" y1="70" x2="82" y2="82"/><line x1="82" y1="18" x2="70" y2="30"/><line x1="30" y1="70" x2="18" y2="82"/></g></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 5</span><h2 class="sec-h">Излучение</h2></div><div id="p5-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p6" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p6" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><rect x="20" y="35" width="60" height="35" rx="4" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/><path d="M28 35 v-8 M50 35 v-8 M72 35 v-8" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 6</span><h2 class="sec-h">Расчёт количества теплоты при нагревании и охлаждении. Удельная теплоёмкость</h2></div><div id="p6-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p7" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p7" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M28 78 L50 22 L72 78 Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/><path d="M40 60 L60 60" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 7</span><h2 class="sec-h">Горение. Удельная теплота сгорания топлива</h2></div><div id="p7-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p8" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p8" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M30 30 L70 30 L70 70 L30 70 Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/><path d="M30 50 L70 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" stroke-dasharray="4 3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 8</span><h2 class="sec-h">Плавление и кристаллизация</h2></div><div id="p8-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p9" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p9" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M50 14 L70 50 L50 86 L30 50 Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 9</span><h2 class="sec-h">Удельная теплота плавления и кристаллизации</h2></div><div id="p9-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p10" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p10" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M20 70 Q 35 50, 50 65 T 80 60" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/><circle cx="78" cy="32" r="6" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 10</span><h2 class="sec-h">Испарение жидкостей. Факторы, влияющие на скорость испарения</h2></div><div id="p10-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p11" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p11" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="35" cy="55" r="6" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="55" cy="45" r="8" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="65" cy="65" r="5" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="50" cy="75" r="4" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 11</span><h2 class="sec-h">Кипение жидкостей. Удельная теплота парообразования</h2></div><div id="p11-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-final1" class="sec"><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&#9733;</span><h2 class="sec-h">Финал главы</h2></div><div id="final1-body"></div></section>
</div>
<aside class="col-side" id="col-side"><div id="sidebar-content"></div></aside>
<div class="col-side-backdrop" id="col-side-backdrop"></div>
</main>
<footer class="foot">Интерактивный учебник «Физика 8» · Глава 1 · «Тепловые явления» · LearnSpace</footer>
<div id="ach-popup" class="ach-popup"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24" style="width:22px;height:22px"><polygon points="12,2 22,20 2,20"/></svg><span id="ach-text">Достижение!</span></div>
<div id="search-modal" class="search-modal" role="dialog">
<div class="search-box">
<input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" placeholder="Поиск…" autocomplete="off">
<div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div>
<div class="search-foot"><span><kbd>↑↓</kbd> навигация</span><span><kbd>Enter</kbd> открыть</span><span><kbd>Esc</kbd> закрыть</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
'use strict';
function _initP11_iv6(){ function _initP11_iv6(){
const sb = document.getElementById('p11-iv6-sandbox'); const sb = document.getElementById('p11-iv6-sandbox');
if (!sb || !window.P8Helpers || !window.P8Anim) return; if (!sb || !window.P8Helpers || !window.P8Anim) return;
@@ -670,260 +923,6 @@ function _initP3_iv6(){
text: 'Перетащи стержень на горелку • Чем выше λ — тем быстрее цвет дойдёт до конца' text: 'Перетащи стержень на горелку • Чем выше λ — тем быстрее цвет дойдёт до конца'
})); }));
} }
doctype html>
<html lang="ru">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate">
<meta http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0">
<title>Физика 8 · Глава 1 · «Тепловые явления»</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-interactives.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-design-system.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys-textbook-widgets.css">
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.js"></script>
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js"
onload="renderMathInElement(document.body,{delimiters:[{left:'$$',right:'$$',display:true},{left:'$',right:'$',display:false},{left:'\\[',right:'\\]',display:true},{left:'\\(',right:'\\)',display:false}],throwOnError:false})"></script>
<script src="/js/api.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/xp.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/g3d.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-helpers.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-drag.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-anim.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/optics.js" defer></script>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700;800&family=Manrope:wght@600;700;800;900&family=Unbounded:wght@700;800;900&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
:root{
--bg:#fef2f2; --card:#fff; --card-soft:#f8fafc; --text:#0f172a; --ink:#0f172a; --muted:#64748b;
--border:#e2e8f0; --sh:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.06); --sh2:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.08);
--pri:#7c3aed; --pri2:#5b21b6; --pri-soft:#ede9fe;
--acc:#a78bfa; --acc2:#7c3aed; --acc-soft:#ede9fe;
--ok:#10b981; --ok-bg:#d1fae5; --warn:#f59e0b; --warn-bg:#fef3c7;
--bad:#ef4444; --fail:#dc2626; --fail-bg:#fee2e2;
}
.dark{--bg:#0a0a0e; --card:#13120a; --card-soft:#18160a; --text:#fef9e7; --ink:#fef9e7; --muted:#a39070; --border:#2a2512}
*{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}
html,body{font-family:'Inter',system-ui,sans-serif;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text);line-height:1.55;font-size:15px}
button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}
button{cursor:pointer;border:0;background:transparent;color:inherit}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
.ic{width:16px;height:16px;display:inline-block;flex-shrink:0;stroke:currentColor;fill:none;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;vertical-align:middle}
.hdr{position:relative;background:linear-gradient(110deg,#7f1d1d 0%,#dc2626 55%,#fca5a5 100%);color:#fff;padding:46px 22px 30px;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:2px solid rgba(255,255,255,.2);min-height:130px}
.hdr-row{position:relative;z-index:1;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr h1{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.3;padding-top:4px}
.hdr-sub{font-size:.85rem;opacity:.88;margin-top:6px;font-weight:500;line-height:1.4}
.hdr-side{margin-left:auto;display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr-btn{padding:7px 12px;border-radius:9px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.14);color:#fff;font-weight:600;font-size:.82rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;transition:background .15s;text-decoration:none}
.hdr-btn:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.24)}
.main{max-width:1240px;margin:0 auto;padding:22px;width:100%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 280px;gap:24px}
@media(max-width:980px){.main{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:14px}}
.col-main{min-width:0}
.hero{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft) 0%,var(--acc-soft) 50%,var(--pri-soft) 100%);background-size:200% 200%;animation:heroShift 12s ease-in-out infinite;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:18px;padding:24px 22px;margin-bottom:24px;position:relative;overflow:hidden}
@keyframes heroShift{0%,100%{background-position:0% 50%}50%{background-position:100% 50%}}
.hero h2{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.55rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.hero p{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--text);opacity:.88;margin-bottom:14px;max-width:640px}
.hero-row{display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}
.btn-primary{padding:11px 22px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--pri2));color:#fff;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;box-shadow:var(--sh2);transition:transform .15s,box-shadow .15s}
.btn-primary:hover{transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.18)}
.hero-progress{flex:1;min-width:200px;max-width:280px}
.hp-label{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;display:block;margin-bottom:5px}
.hp-bar{height:8px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.12);border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden}
.hp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:5px;width:0%;transition:width .6s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1)}
.hp-text{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted);font-weight:700;margin-top:4px;display:block}
.hero-xp-badge{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:6px 12px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--warn,#f59e0b),var(--pri));color:#fff;border-radius:99px;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.02em;box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.18);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.psel{margin-bottom:24px}
.psel-title{font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:10px}
.psel-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(180px,1fr));gap:10px}
.psel-card{background:var(--card);border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:13px;padding:14px;cursor:pointer;transition:transform .2s,box-shadow .2s,border-color .2s;text-align:left;position:relative}
.psel-card:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:var(--sh2);border-color:var(--pri)}
.psel-card.active{border-color:var(--pri);background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft),var(--card));box-shadow:var(--sh2)}
.psel-card.active::after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:13px 13px 0 0}
.psel-num{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:5px}
.psel-name{font-size:.86rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--text);line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:8px}
.psel-prog{height:4px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:3px;overflow:hidden}
.psel-prog-fill{height:100%;background:var(--pri);width:0%;transition:width .4s}
.psel-card.final{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft))}
.psel-card.final .psel-num{color:var(--warn)}
.sec[id="sec-p1"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p2"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p3"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p4"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p5"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p6"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p7"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p8"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p9"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p10"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-p11"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec[id="sec-final1"]{ --sec-acc:#dc2626; --sec-acc-d:#991b1b; --sec-acc-soft:#fee2e2; }
.sec{display:none;position:relative;animation:fadeIn .35s ease}
.sec.active{display:block}
@keyframes fadeIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(8px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
.sec-header{margin-bottom:22px;padding-bottom:14px;border-bottom:2px solid var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));position:relative;z-index:1}
.sec-num{display:inline-block;padding:4px 10px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--sec-acc,var(--pri)),var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2)));color:#fff;border-radius:7px;font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.04em;margin-bottom:8px}
.sec-h{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.25}
.card{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:18px 20px;margin-bottom:16px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.04),0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.04);position:relative;z-index:1;transition:transform .25s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1),box-shadow .25s}
.card:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.06),0 16px 36px rgba(0,0,0,.08)}
.card-header{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-bottom:12px;padding-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--border)}
.card-icon{width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:9px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;color:#fff}
.card-icon.repeat{background:#0ea5e9}.card-icon.theory{background:#8b5cf6}.card-icon.algo{background:#f59e0b}.card-icon.rule{background:#ec4899}.card-icon.example{background:#10b981}.card-icon.oral{background:#06b6d4}
.card-icon .ic{width:18px;height:18px}
.card-title{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--muted);flex:1}
.card-num{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));padding:3px 7px;border-radius:5px}
.card-body{font-size:.94rem;line-height:1.65}
.card-body p{margin-bottom:8px}
.card-body p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
.btn{padding:8px 16px;border-radius:8px;background:var(--card);color:var(--text);border:1.5px solid var(--border);font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;transition:background .15s,border-color .15s,transform .1s}
.btn:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn:active{transform:scale(.96)}
.btn.primary{background:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri));color:#fff;border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn.primary:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));border-color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2))}
.feedback{padding:10px 14px;border-radius:9px;font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;margin-top:8px;display:none}
.feedback.ok{display:block;background:var(--ok-bg);color:#065f46;border-left:4px solid var(--ok)}
.feedback.fail{display:block;background:var(--fail-bg);color:#7f1d1d;border-left:4px solid var(--fail)}
.col-side{position:sticky;top:14px;align-self:start;height:fit-content;max-height:calc(100vh - 28px);overflow-y:auto}
.sidecard{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:16px;margin-bottom:14px;box-shadow:var(--sh)}
.sidecard h4{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.74rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border)}
.sidecard-row{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:.86rem;line-height:1.6}
.sidecard-row b{color:var(--pri);font-weight:700}
.sidecard-row:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
@media(max-width:980px){.col-side{position:static;max-height:none}}
.xp-card{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft));border:1.5px solid var(--acc);border-radius:12px;padding:14px;margin-bottom:14px}
.xp-card-title{font-size:.68rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--acc2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:8px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}
.xp-level{font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:900;color:var(--acc2);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.xp-bar{height:9px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;margin:7px 0}
.xp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--acc),var(--pri));border-radius:6px;transition:width .5s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}
.xp-nums{font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;justify-content:space-between}
.sec-nav{display:flex;gap:10px;margin-top:24px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap}
.foot{text-align:center;padding:30px 16px;color:var(--muted);font-size:.78rem;border-top:1px solid var(--border);margin-top:30px}
.ach-popup{position:fixed;top:80px;right:18px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));color:#fff;padding:12px 18px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.9rem;box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.32);z-index:1002;display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;max-width:340px}
.ach-popup.show{display:flex}
.col-side-backdrop{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.42);z-index:9990;display:none}
.col-side-backdrop.show{display:block}
@media(min-width:981px){#sidebar-btn{display:none}.col-side-backdrop.show{display:none}}
@media(max-width:980px){
.col-side{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;height:100vh;width:300px;max-width:88vw;background:var(--bg);box-shadow:-12px 0 24px rgba(0,0,0,.18);padding:18px 16px;overflow-y:auto;transform:translateX(100%);transition:transform .25s ease;z-index:9991;max-height:none}
.col-side.open{transform:none}
}
.search-modal{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(15,23,42,.55);backdrop-filter:blur(4px);z-index:9993;display:none;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:center;padding-top:14vh}
.search-modal.show{display:flex}
.search-box{background:var(--bg);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;width:560px;max-width:92vw;max-height:70vh;display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 24px 64px rgba(0,0,0,.4)}
.search-input{padding:14px 16px;font-size:1rem;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);background:transparent;color:var(--text);outline:none}
.search-results{flex:1;overflow-y:auto;padding:6px 0}
.search-row{display:block;padding:8px 16px;cursor:pointer;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);text-align:left;background:transparent;border:0;width:100%;color:var(--text)}
.search-row:hover,.search-row.active{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft))}
.search-row .sr-kind{font-size:.7rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;margin-bottom:2px}
.search-row .sr-title{font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--text)}
.search-row .sr-desc{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:2px}
.search-empty{padding:20px;text-align:center;color:var(--muted);font-size:.88rem}
.search-foot{padding:8px 14px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;gap:14px}
.search-foot kbd{padding:2px 6px;background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:4px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:.72rem}
.sec{transition:opacity .25s}
</style>
</head>
<body class="p8-theme-thermal">
<header class="p8-hero">
<div class="p8-hero-wm"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" aria-hidden="true">
<path d="M50 8 C 52 22 65 30 64 46 C 63 56 56 60 55 48 C 53 56 48 60 42 58 C 36 56 32 50 34 42 C 30 52 22 60 24 72 C 26 84 36 92 50 92 C 64 92 76 84 76 70 C 76 50 60 40 56 22 C 54 14 52 10 50 8 Z"/>
</svg></div>
<div class="p8-hero-meter" id="p8-meter-ch1"><span id="p8-meter-val">37</span>°C</div>
<div class="p8-hero-inner">
<div class="p8-hero-eyebrow">Глава 1 · 11 параграфов</div>
<h1 class="p8-hero-title">Тепловые явления</h1>
<div class="p8-hero-sub">Внутренняя энергия, способы теплопередачи, плавление и кипение. Перетаскивайте термометры, нагреватели и материалы — наблюдайте поведение тепла в реальном времени.</div>
<div class="hdr-side" style="margin-top:18px;display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;z-index:1">
<a href="/textbook/physics-8" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"/></svg> К физике 8</a>
<button id="search-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="7"/><path d="m21 21-4-4"/></svg> Поиск</button>
<button id="sidebar-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><line x1="4" y1="6" x2="20" y2="6"/><line x1="4" y1="12" x2="20" y2="12"/><line x1="4" y1="18" x2="14" y2="18"/></svg> Шпаргалка</button>
<button id="theme-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 12.8A9 9 0 1 1 11.2 3a7 7 0 0 0 9.8 9.8z"/></svg><span id="theme-lab">Тёмная</span></button>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<main class="main">
<div class="col-main">
<section class="hero">
<h2>Тепловые явления — как энергия переходит между телами</h2>
<p>Внутренняя энергия зависит от температуры тела. Тепло передаётся теплопроводностью, конвекцией и излучением. При нагревании, плавлении и кипении нужно разное количество теплоты.</p>
<div class="hero-row">
<button class="btn-primary" onclick="goTo('p1')"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polygon points="6 4 20 12 6 20 6 4" fill="currentColor" stroke="none"/></svg> Начать § 1</button>
<div class="hero-progress">
<span class="hp-label">Прогресс по главе</span>
<div class="hp-bar"><div id="hero-hp-fill" class="hp-fill"></div></div>
<span id="hero-hp-text" class="hp-text">0%</span>
</div>
<div id="hero-xp-badge" class="hero-xp-badge" data-gamified></div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="psel">
<div class="psel-title">Параграфы главы</div>
<div id="psel-grid" class="psel-grid"></div>
</section>
<section id="sec-p1" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p1" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="28" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="6" fill="none"/><path d="M50 22 v56 M22 50 h56" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 1</span><h2 class="sec-h">Внутренняя энергия</h2></div><div id="p1-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p2" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p2" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M50 12 v76 M50 12 l-14 16 M50 12 l14 16 M50 88 l-14-16 M50 88 l14-16" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 2</span><h2 class="sec-h">Способы изменения внутренней энергии</h2></div><div id="p2-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p3" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p3" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M14 50 h72 M86 50 l-14-14 M86 50 l-14 14" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 3</span><h2 class="sec-h">Теплопроводность</h2></div><div id="p3-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p4" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p4" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M30 80 C 30 50, 70 50, 70 30 M30 30 C 30 60, 70 60, 70 80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 4</span><h2 class="sec-h">Конвекция</h2></div><div id="p4-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p5" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p5" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="14" fill="currentColor"/><g stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"><line x1="50" y1="6" x2="50" y2="22"/><line x1="50" y1="78" x2="50" y2="94"/><line x1="6" y1="50" x2="22" y2="50"/><line x1="78" y1="50" x2="94" y2="50"/><line x1="18" y1="18" x2="30" y2="30"/><line x1="70" y1="70" x2="82" y2="82"/><line x1="82" y1="18" x2="70" y2="30"/><line x1="30" y1="70" x2="18" y2="82"/></g></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 5</span><h2 class="sec-h">Излучение</h2></div><div id="p5-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p6" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p6" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><rect x="20" y="35" width="60" height="35" rx="4" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/><path d="M28 35 v-8 M50 35 v-8 M72 35 v-8" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 6</span><h2 class="sec-h">Расчёт количества теплоты при нагревании и охлаждении. Удельная теплоёмкость</h2></div><div id="p6-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p7" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p7" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M28 78 L50 22 L72 78 Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/><path d="M40 60 L60 60" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 7</span><h2 class="sec-h">Горение. Удельная теплота сгорания топлива</h2></div><div id="p7-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p8" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p8" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M30 30 L70 30 L70 70 L30 70 Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/><path d="M30 50 L70 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" stroke-dasharray="4 3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 8</span><h2 class="sec-h">Плавление и кристаллизация</h2></div><div id="p8-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p9" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p9" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M50 14 L70 50 L50 86 L30 50 Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 9</span><h2 class="sec-h">Удельная теплота плавления и кристаллизации</h2></div><div id="p9-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p10" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p10" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M20 70 Q 35 50, 50 65 T 80 60" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/><circle cx="78" cy="32" r="6" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 10</span><h2 class="sec-h">Испарение жидкостей. Факторы, влияющие на скорость испарения</h2></div><div id="p10-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p11" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p11" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="35" cy="55" r="6" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="55" cy="45" r="8" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="65" cy="65" r="5" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="50" cy="75" r="4" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 11</span><h2 class="sec-h">Кипение жидкостей. Удельная теплота парообразования</h2></div><div id="p11-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-final1" class="sec"><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&#9733;</span><h2 class="sec-h">Финал главы</h2></div><div id="final1-body"></div></section>
</div>
<aside class="col-side" id="col-side"><div id="sidebar-content"></div></aside>
<div class="col-side-backdrop" id="col-side-backdrop"></div>
</main>
<footer class="foot">Интерактивный учебник «Физика 8» · Глава 1 · «Тепловые явления» · LearnSpace</footer>
<div id="ach-popup" class="ach-popup"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24" style="width:22px;height:22px"><polygon points="12,2 22,20 2,20"/></svg><span id="ach-text">Достижение!</span></div>
<div id="search-modal" class="search-modal" role="dialog">
<div class="search-box">
<input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" placeholder="Поиск…" autocomplete="off">
<div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div>
<div class="search-foot"><span><kbd>↑↓</kbd> навигация</span><span><kbd>Enter</kbd> открыть</span><span><kbd>Esc</kbd> закрыть</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
'use strict';
const STATE = { current:'p1', progress:{}, achievements:new Map(), xp:0, level:1 }; const STATE = { current:'p1', progress:{}, achievements:new Map(), xp:0, level:1 };
const TOTAL_PARAS = 12; const TOTAL_PARAS = 12;
+281 -282
View File
@@ -1,4 +1,284 @@
<! <!doctype html>
<html lang="ru">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate">
<meta http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0">
<title>Физика 8 · Глава 2 · «Электромагнитные явления»</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-interactives.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-design-system.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys-textbook-widgets.css">
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.js"></script>
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js"
onload="renderMathInElement(document.body,{delimiters:[{left:'$$',right:'$$',display:true},{left:'$',right:'$',display:false},{left:'\\[',right:'\\]',display:true},{left:'\\(',right:'\\)',display:false}],throwOnError:false})"></script>
<script src="/js/api.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/xp.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/g3d.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-helpers.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-drag.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-anim.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/optics.js" defer></script>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700;800&family=Manrope:wght@600;700;800;900&family=Unbounded:wght@700;800;900&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
:root{
--bg:#fffbeb; --card:#fff; --card-soft:#f8fafc; --text:#0f172a; --ink:#0f172a; --muted:#64748b;
--border:#e2e8f0; --sh:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.06); --sh2:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.08);
--pri:#7c3aed; --pri2:#5b21b6; --pri-soft:#ede9fe;
--acc:#a78bfa; --acc2:#7c3aed; --acc-soft:#ede9fe;
--ok:#10b981; --ok-bg:#d1fae5; --warn:#f59e0b; --warn-bg:#fef3c7;
--bad:#ef4444; --fail:#dc2626; --fail-bg:#fee2e2;
}
.dark{--bg:#0a0a0e; --card:#13120a; --card-soft:#18160a; --text:#fef9e7; --ink:#fef9e7; --muted:#a39070; --border:#2a2512}
*{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}
html,body{font-family:'Inter',system-ui,sans-serif;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text);line-height:1.55;font-size:15px}
button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}
button{cursor:pointer;border:0;background:transparent;color:inherit}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
.ic{width:16px;height:16px;display:inline-block;flex-shrink:0;stroke:currentColor;fill:none;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;vertical-align:middle}
.hdr{position:relative;background:linear-gradient(110deg,#78350f 0%,#d97706 55%,#fcd34d 100%);color:#fff;padding:46px 22px 30px;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:2px solid rgba(255,255,255,.2);min-height:130px}
.hdr-row{position:relative;z-index:1;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr h1{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.3;padding-top:4px}
.hdr-sub{font-size:.85rem;opacity:.88;margin-top:6px;font-weight:500;line-height:1.4}
.hdr-side{margin-left:auto;display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr-btn{padding:7px 12px;border-radius:9px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.14);color:#fff;font-weight:600;font-size:.82rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;transition:background .15s;text-decoration:none}
.hdr-btn:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.24)}
.main{max-width:1240px;margin:0 auto;padding:22px;width:100%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 280px;gap:24px}
@media(max-width:980px){.main{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:14px}}
.col-main{min-width:0}
.hero{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft) 0%,var(--acc-soft) 50%,var(--pri-soft) 100%);background-size:200% 200%;animation:heroShift 12s ease-in-out infinite;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:18px;padding:24px 22px;margin-bottom:24px;position:relative;overflow:hidden}
@keyframes heroShift{0%,100%{background-position:0% 50%}50%{background-position:100% 50%}}
.hero h2{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.55rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.hero p{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--text);opacity:.88;margin-bottom:14px;max-width:640px}
.hero-row{display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}
.btn-primary{padding:11px 22px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--pri2));color:#fff;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;box-shadow:var(--sh2);transition:transform .15s,box-shadow .15s}
.btn-primary:hover{transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.18)}
.hero-progress{flex:1;min-width:200px;max-width:280px}
.hp-label{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;display:block;margin-bottom:5px}
.hp-bar{height:8px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.12);border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden}
.hp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:5px;width:0%;transition:width .6s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1)}
.hp-text{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted);font-weight:700;margin-top:4px;display:block}
.hero-xp-badge{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:6px 12px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--warn,#f59e0b),var(--pri));color:#fff;border-radius:99px;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.02em;box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.18);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.psel{margin-bottom:24px}
.psel-title{font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:10px}
.psel-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(180px,1fr));gap:10px}
.psel-card{background:var(--card);border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:13px;padding:14px;cursor:pointer;transition:transform .2s,box-shadow .2s,border-color .2s;text-align:left;position:relative}
.psel-card:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:var(--sh2);border-color:var(--pri)}
.psel-card.active{border-color:var(--pri);background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft),var(--card));box-shadow:var(--sh2)}
.psel-card.active::after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:13px 13px 0 0}
.psel-num{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:5px}
.psel-name{font-size:.86rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--text);line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:8px}
.psel-prog{height:4px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:3px;overflow:hidden}
.psel-prog-fill{height:100%;background:var(--pri);width:0%;transition:width .4s}
.psel-card.final{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft))}
.psel-card.final .psel-num{color:var(--warn)}
.sec[id="sec-p12"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p13"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p14"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p15"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p16"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p17"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p18"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p19"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p20"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p21"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p22"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p23"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p24"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p25"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p26"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p27"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p28"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p29"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p30"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p31"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-final2"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec{display:none;position:relative;animation:fadeIn .35s ease}
.sec.active{display:block}
@keyframes fadeIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(8px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
.sec-header{margin-bottom:22px;padding-bottom:14px;border-bottom:2px solid var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));position:relative;z-index:1}
.sec-num{display:inline-block;padding:4px 10px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--sec-acc,var(--pri)),var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2)));color:#fff;border-radius:7px;font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.04em;margin-bottom:8px}
.sec-h{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.25}
.card{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:18px 20px;margin-bottom:16px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.04),0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.04);position:relative;z-index:1;transition:transform .25s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1),box-shadow .25s}
.card:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.06),0 16px 36px rgba(0,0,0,.08)}
.card-header{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-bottom:12px;padding-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--border)}
.card-icon{width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:9px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;color:#fff}
.card-icon.repeat{background:#0ea5e9}.card-icon.theory{background:#8b5cf6}.card-icon.algo{background:#f59e0b}.card-icon.rule{background:#ec4899}.card-icon.example{background:#10b981}.card-icon.oral{background:#06b6d4}
.card-icon .ic{width:18px;height:18px}
.card-title{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--muted);flex:1}
.card-num{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));padding:3px 7px;border-radius:5px}
.card-body{font-size:.94rem;line-height:1.65}
.card-body p{margin-bottom:8px}
.card-body p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
.btn{padding:8px 16px;border-radius:8px;background:var(--card);color:var(--text);border:1.5px solid var(--border);font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;transition:background .15s,border-color .15s,transform .1s}
.btn:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn:active{transform:scale(.96)}
.btn.primary{background:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri));color:#fff;border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn.primary:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));border-color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2))}
.feedback{padding:10px 14px;border-radius:9px;font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;margin-top:8px;display:none}
.feedback.ok{display:block;background:var(--ok-bg);color:#065f46;border-left:4px solid var(--ok)}
.feedback.fail{display:block;background:var(--fail-bg);color:#7f1d1d;border-left:4px solid var(--fail)}
.col-side{position:sticky;top:14px;align-self:start;height:fit-content;max-height:calc(100vh - 28px);overflow-y:auto}
.sidecard{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:16px;margin-bottom:14px;box-shadow:var(--sh)}
.sidecard h4{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.74rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border)}
.sidecard-row{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:.86rem;line-height:1.6}
.sidecard-row b{color:var(--pri);font-weight:700}
.sidecard-row:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
@media(max-width:980px){.col-side{position:static;max-height:none}}
.xp-card{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft));border:1.5px solid var(--acc);border-radius:12px;padding:14px;margin-bottom:14px}
.xp-card-title{font-size:.68rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--acc2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:8px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}
.xp-level{font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:900;color:var(--acc2);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.xp-bar{height:9px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;margin:7px 0}
.xp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--acc),var(--pri));border-radius:6px;transition:width .5s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}
.xp-nums{font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;justify-content:space-between}
.sec-nav{display:flex;gap:10px;margin-top:24px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap}
.foot{text-align:center;padding:30px 16px;color:var(--muted);font-size:.78rem;border-top:1px solid var(--border);margin-top:30px}
.ach-popup{position:fixed;top:80px;right:18px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));color:#fff;padding:12px 18px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.9rem;box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.32);z-index:1002;display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;max-width:340px}
.ach-popup.show{display:flex}
.col-side-backdrop{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.42);z-index:9990;display:none}
.col-side-backdrop.show{display:block}
@media(min-width:981px){#sidebar-btn{display:none}.col-side-backdrop.show{display:none}}
@media(max-width:980px){
.col-side{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;height:100vh;width:300px;max-width:88vw;background:var(--bg);box-shadow:-12px 0 24px rgba(0,0,0,.18);padding:18px 16px;overflow-y:auto;transform:translateX(100%);transition:transform .25s ease;z-index:9991;max-height:none}
.col-side.open{transform:none}
}
.search-modal{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(15,23,42,.55);backdrop-filter:blur(4px);z-index:9993;display:none;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:center;padding-top:14vh}
.search-modal.show{display:flex}
.search-box{background:var(--bg);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;width:560px;max-width:92vw;max-height:70vh;display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 24px 64px rgba(0,0,0,.4)}
.search-input{padding:14px 16px;font-size:1rem;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);background:transparent;color:var(--text);outline:none}
.search-results{flex:1;overflow-y:auto;padding:6px 0}
.search-row{display:block;padding:8px 16px;cursor:pointer;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);text-align:left;background:transparent;border:0;width:100%;color:var(--text)}
.search-row:hover,.search-row.active{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft))}
.search-row .sr-kind{font-size:.7rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;margin-bottom:2px}
.search-row .sr-title{font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--text)}
.search-row .sr-desc{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:2px}
.search-empty{padding:20px;text-align:center;color:var(--muted);font-size:.88rem}
.search-foot{padding:8px 14px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;gap:14px}
.search-foot kbd{padding:2px 6px;background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:4px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:.72rem}
.sec{transition:opacity .25s}
</style>
</head>
<body class="p8-theme-electric">
<header class="p8-hero">
<div class="p8-hero-wm"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" aria-hidden="true">
<path d="M55 8 L25 56 L46 56 L40 92 L75 38 L52 38 L60 8 Z"/>
</svg></div>
<div class="p8-hero-meter" id="p8-meter-ch2"><span id="p8-meter-val">0.5</span> А</div>
<div class="p8-hero-inner">
<div class="p8-hero-eyebrow">Глава 2 · 20 параграфов</div>
<h1 class="p8-hero-title">Электромагнитные явления</h1>
<div class="p8-hero-sub">Заряд, ток, цепь, магнитное поле. Конструируйте цепи из компонентов, перемещайте заряды, наблюдайте за искрами и полями.</div>
<div class="hdr-side" style="margin-top:18px;display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;z-index:1">
<a href="/textbook/physics-8" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"/></svg> К физике 8</a>
<button id="search-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="7"/><path d="m21 21-4-4"/></svg> Поиск</button>
<button id="sidebar-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><line x1="4" y1="6" x2="20" y2="6"/><line x1="4" y1="12" x2="20" y2="12"/><line x1="4" y1="18" x2="14" y2="18"/></svg> Шпаргалка</button>
<button id="theme-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 12.8A9 9 0 1 1 11.2 3a7 7 0 0 0 9.8 9.8z"/></svg><span id="theme-lab">Тёмная</span></button>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<main class="main">
<div class="col-main">
<section class="hero">
<h2>Электромагнитные явления — от заряда до магнита</h2>
<p>Заряды притягиваются и отталкиваются, образуют электрическое поле. По проводнику течёт ток, и закон Ома связывает $U$, $I$, $R$. У постоянных магнитов и проводников с током есть магнитное поле.</p>
<div class="hero-row">
<button class="btn-primary" onclick="goTo('p12')"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polygon points="6 4 20 12 6 20 6 4" fill="currentColor" stroke="none"/></svg> Начать § 12</button>
<div class="hero-progress">
<span class="hp-label">Прогресс по главе</span>
<div class="hp-bar"><div id="hero-hp-fill" class="hp-fill"></div></div>
<span id="hero-hp-text" class="hp-text">0%</span>
</div>
<div id="hero-xp-badge" class="hero-xp-badge" data-gamified></div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="psel">
<div class="psel-title">Параграфы главы</div>
<div id="psel-grid" class="psel-grid"></div>
</section>
<section id="sec-p12" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p12" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="35" cy="50" r="14" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="65" cy="50" r="14" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M40 50 L60 50 M50 40 L50 60" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 12</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электризация тел. Взаимодействие зарядов</h2></div><div id="p12-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p13" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p13" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><rect x="20" y="40" width="60" height="20" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4"/><circle cx="35" cy="50" r="3" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="3" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="65" cy="50" r="3" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 13</span><h2 class="sec-h">Проводники и диэлектрики</h2></div><div id="p13-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p14" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p14" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4"/><path d="M50 26 L50 14 M50 86 L50 74 M26 50 L14 50 M86 50 L74 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 14</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электризация через влияние</h2></div><div id="p14-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p15" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p15" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="16" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M50 30 L50 18 M50 82 L50 70 M30 50 L18 50 M82 50 L70 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 15</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электрический заряд. Элементарный заряд</h2></div><div id="p15-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p16" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p16" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="6" fill="currentColor"/><ellipse cx="50" cy="50" rx="32" ry="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.5"/><ellipse cx="50" cy="50" rx="14" ry="32" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.5"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 16</span><h2 class="sec-h">Строение атома. Ионы</h2></div><div id="p16-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p17" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p17" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><line x1="20" y1="50" x2="80" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><line x1="20" y1="35" x2="80" y2="65" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><line x1="20" y1="65" x2="80" y2="35" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 17</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электрическое поле. Электрическое напряжение</h2></div><div id="p17-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p18" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p18" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M30 50 L70 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5" fill="none"/><path d="M65 45 L70 50 L65 55" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/><text x="30" y="40" font-family="Inter" font-size="14" font-weight="700" fill="currentColor">U</text></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 18</span><h2 class="sec-h">Единица электрического напряжения. Расчёт работы в электрическом поле</h2></div><div id="p18-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p19" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p19" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><rect x="20" y="40" width="14" height="20" fill="currentColor"/><rect x="38" y="35" width="6" height="30" fill="currentColor"/><line x1="50" y1="50" x2="80" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 19</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электрический ток. Источники тока</h2></div><div id="p19-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p20" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p20" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M20 70 L40 30 L60 70 L80 30" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 20</span><h2 class="sec-h">Сила и направление электрического тока</h2></div><div id="p20-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p21" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p21" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><rect x="20" y="40" width="60" height="20" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><path d="M30 50 L50 50 M55 45 L60 50 L55 55" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 21</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электрическая цепь. Измерение силы тока и напряжения</h2></div><div id="p21-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p22" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p22" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><text x="50" y="60" font-family="Unbounded" font-size="36" font-weight="900" fill="currentColor" text-anchor="middle">Ω</text></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 22</span><h2 class="sec-h">Связь силы тока и напряжения. Закон Ома для участка электрической цепи</h2></div><div id="p22-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p23" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p23" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M20 50 Q30 20, 40 50 T60 50 T80 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 23</span><h2 class="sec-h">Единица сопротивления. Расчёт сопротивления</h2></div><div id="p23-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p24" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p24" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M15 50 L25 50 L30 40 L40 60 L50 40 L60 60 L70 40 L75 50 L85 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 24</span><h2 class="sec-h">Последовательное соединение проводников. Реостат</h2></div><div id="p24-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p25" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p25" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M20 30 L80 30 M20 70 L80 70 M50 30 L50 70" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 25</span><h2 class="sec-h">Параллельное соединение проводников</h2></div><div id="p25-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p26" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p26" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><text x="50" y="60" font-family="Unbounded" font-size="32" font-weight="900" fill="currentColor" text-anchor="middle">P</text></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 26</span><h2 class="sec-h">Работа и мощность электрического тока. Закон Джоуля — Ленца</h2></div><div id="p26-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p27" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p27" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="28" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4"/><path d="M28 50 L72 50 M50 28 L50 72" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 27</span><h2 class="sec-h">Использование и экономия электроэнергии. Безопасность</h2></div><div id="p27-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p28" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p28" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><rect x="20" y="42" width="60" height="16" fill="currentColor"/><text x="32" y="56" font-family="Unbounded" font-size="14" font-weight="900" fill="#fff" text-anchor="middle">N</text><text x="68" y="56" font-family="Unbounded" font-size="14" font-weight="900" fill="#fff" text-anchor="middle">S</text></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 28</span><h2 class="sec-h">Постоянные магниты</h2></div><div id="p28-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p29" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p29" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="6" fill="currentColor"/><ellipse cx="50" cy="50" rx="36" ry="18" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><path d="M82 38 L86 48 L78 46" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 29</span><h2 class="sec-h">Магнитное поле</h2></div><div id="p29-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p30" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p30" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="6" fill="currentColor"/><line x1="50" y1="20" x2="50" y2="80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><line x1="20" y1="50" x2="80" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 30</span><h2 class="sec-h">Магнитное поле тока</h2></div><div id="p30-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p31" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p31" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M30 30 Q40 20, 50 30 T70 30 M30 50 Q40 40, 50 50 T70 50 M30 70 Q40 60, 50 70 T70 70" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/><rect x="48" y="20" width="4" height="60" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 31</span><h2 class="sec-h">Магнитное поле прямого проводника и катушки с током. Электромагнит</h2></div><div id="p31-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-final2" class="sec"><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&#9733;</span><h2 class="sec-h">Финал главы</h2></div><div id="final2-body"></div></section>
</div>
<aside class="col-side" id="col-side"><div id="sidebar-content"></div></aside>
<div class="col-side-backdrop" id="col-side-backdrop"></div>
</main>
<footer class="foot">Интерактивный учебник «Физика 8» · Глава 2 · «Электромагнитные явления» · LearnSpace</footer>
<div id="ach-popup" class="ach-popup"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24" style="width:22px;height:22px"><polygon points="12,2 22,20 2,20"/></svg><span id="ach-text">Достижение!</span></div>
<div id="search-modal" class="search-modal" role="dialog">
<div class="search-box">
<input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" placeholder="Поиск…" autocomplete="off">
<div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div>
<div class="search-foot"><span><kbd>↑↓</kbd> навигация</span><span><kbd>Enter</kbd> открыть</span><span><kbd>Esc</kbd> закрыть</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
'use strict';
function _initP31_iv6(){ function _initP31_iv6(){
const sb = document.getElementById('p31-iv6-sandbox'); const sb = document.getElementById('p31-iv6-sandbox');
if (!sb || !window.P8Helpers) return; if (!sb || !window.P8Helpers) return;
@@ -1396,287 +1676,6 @@ function _initp12_iv5(){
} }
render(); render();
} }
doctype html>
<html lang="ru">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate">
<meta http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0">
<title>Физика 8 · Глава 2 · «Электромагнитные явления»</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-interactives.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-design-system.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys-textbook-widgets.css">
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.js"></script>
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js"
onload="renderMathInElement(document.body,{delimiters:[{left:'$$',right:'$$',display:true},{left:'$',right:'$',display:false},{left:'\\[',right:'\\]',display:true},{left:'\\(',right:'\\)',display:false}],throwOnError:false})"></script>
<script src="/js/api.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/xp.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/g3d.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-helpers.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-drag.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-anim.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/optics.js" defer></script>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700;800&family=Manrope:wght@600;700;800;900&family=Unbounded:wght@700;800;900&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
:root{
--bg:#fffbeb; --card:#fff; --card-soft:#f8fafc; --text:#0f172a; --ink:#0f172a; --muted:#64748b;
--border:#e2e8f0; --sh:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.06); --sh2:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.08);
--pri:#7c3aed; --pri2:#5b21b6; --pri-soft:#ede9fe;
--acc:#a78bfa; --acc2:#7c3aed; --acc-soft:#ede9fe;
--ok:#10b981; --ok-bg:#d1fae5; --warn:#f59e0b; --warn-bg:#fef3c7;
--bad:#ef4444; --fail:#dc2626; --fail-bg:#fee2e2;
}
.dark{--bg:#0a0a0e; --card:#13120a; --card-soft:#18160a; --text:#fef9e7; --ink:#fef9e7; --muted:#a39070; --border:#2a2512}
*{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}
html,body{font-family:'Inter',system-ui,sans-serif;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text);line-height:1.55;font-size:15px}
button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}
button{cursor:pointer;border:0;background:transparent;color:inherit}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
.ic{width:16px;height:16px;display:inline-block;flex-shrink:0;stroke:currentColor;fill:none;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;vertical-align:middle}
.hdr{position:relative;background:linear-gradient(110deg,#78350f 0%,#d97706 55%,#fcd34d 100%);color:#fff;padding:46px 22px 30px;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:2px solid rgba(255,255,255,.2);min-height:130px}
.hdr-row{position:relative;z-index:1;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr h1{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.3;padding-top:4px}
.hdr-sub{font-size:.85rem;opacity:.88;margin-top:6px;font-weight:500;line-height:1.4}
.hdr-side{margin-left:auto;display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr-btn{padding:7px 12px;border-radius:9px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.14);color:#fff;font-weight:600;font-size:.82rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;transition:background .15s;text-decoration:none}
.hdr-btn:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.24)}
.main{max-width:1240px;margin:0 auto;padding:22px;width:100%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 280px;gap:24px}
@media(max-width:980px){.main{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:14px}}
.col-main{min-width:0}
.hero{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft) 0%,var(--acc-soft) 50%,var(--pri-soft) 100%);background-size:200% 200%;animation:heroShift 12s ease-in-out infinite;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:18px;padding:24px 22px;margin-bottom:24px;position:relative;overflow:hidden}
@keyframes heroShift{0%,100%{background-position:0% 50%}50%{background-position:100% 50%}}
.hero h2{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.55rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.hero p{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--text);opacity:.88;margin-bottom:14px;max-width:640px}
.hero-row{display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}
.btn-primary{padding:11px 22px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--pri2));color:#fff;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;box-shadow:var(--sh2);transition:transform .15s,box-shadow .15s}
.btn-primary:hover{transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.18)}
.hero-progress{flex:1;min-width:200px;max-width:280px}
.hp-label{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;display:block;margin-bottom:5px}
.hp-bar{height:8px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.12);border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden}
.hp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:5px;width:0%;transition:width .6s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1)}
.hp-text{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted);font-weight:700;margin-top:4px;display:block}
.hero-xp-badge{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:6px 12px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--warn,#f59e0b),var(--pri));color:#fff;border-radius:99px;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.02em;box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.18);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.psel{margin-bottom:24px}
.psel-title{font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:10px}
.psel-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(180px,1fr));gap:10px}
.psel-card{background:var(--card);border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:13px;padding:14px;cursor:pointer;transition:transform .2s,box-shadow .2s,border-color .2s;text-align:left;position:relative}
.psel-card:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:var(--sh2);border-color:var(--pri)}
.psel-card.active{border-color:var(--pri);background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft),var(--card));box-shadow:var(--sh2)}
.psel-card.active::after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:13px 13px 0 0}
.psel-num{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:5px}
.psel-name{font-size:.86rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--text);line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:8px}
.psel-prog{height:4px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:3px;overflow:hidden}
.psel-prog-fill{height:100%;background:var(--pri);width:0%;transition:width .4s}
.psel-card.final{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft))}
.psel-card.final .psel-num{color:var(--warn)}
.sec[id="sec-p12"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p13"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p14"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p15"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p16"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p17"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p18"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p19"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p20"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p21"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p22"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p23"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p24"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p25"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p26"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p27"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p28"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p29"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p30"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-p31"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec[id="sec-final2"]{ --sec-acc:#d97706; --sec-acc-d:#92400e; --sec-acc-soft:#fef3c7; }
.sec{display:none;position:relative;animation:fadeIn .35s ease}
.sec.active{display:block}
@keyframes fadeIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(8px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
.sec-header{margin-bottom:22px;padding-bottom:14px;border-bottom:2px solid var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));position:relative;z-index:1}
.sec-num{display:inline-block;padding:4px 10px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--sec-acc,var(--pri)),var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2)));color:#fff;border-radius:7px;font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.04em;margin-bottom:8px}
.sec-h{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.25}
.card{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:18px 20px;margin-bottom:16px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.04),0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.04);position:relative;z-index:1;transition:transform .25s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1),box-shadow .25s}
.card:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.06),0 16px 36px rgba(0,0,0,.08)}
.card-header{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-bottom:12px;padding-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--border)}
.card-icon{width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:9px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;color:#fff}
.card-icon.repeat{background:#0ea5e9}.card-icon.theory{background:#8b5cf6}.card-icon.algo{background:#f59e0b}.card-icon.rule{background:#ec4899}.card-icon.example{background:#10b981}.card-icon.oral{background:#06b6d4}
.card-icon .ic{width:18px;height:18px}
.card-title{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--muted);flex:1}
.card-num{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));padding:3px 7px;border-radius:5px}
.card-body{font-size:.94rem;line-height:1.65}
.card-body p{margin-bottom:8px}
.card-body p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
.btn{padding:8px 16px;border-radius:8px;background:var(--card);color:var(--text);border:1.5px solid var(--border);font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;transition:background .15s,border-color .15s,transform .1s}
.btn:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn:active{transform:scale(.96)}
.btn.primary{background:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri));color:#fff;border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn.primary:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));border-color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2))}
.feedback{padding:10px 14px;border-radius:9px;font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;margin-top:8px;display:none}
.feedback.ok{display:block;background:var(--ok-bg);color:#065f46;border-left:4px solid var(--ok)}
.feedback.fail{display:block;background:var(--fail-bg);color:#7f1d1d;border-left:4px solid var(--fail)}
.col-side{position:sticky;top:14px;align-self:start;height:fit-content;max-height:calc(100vh - 28px);overflow-y:auto}
.sidecard{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:16px;margin-bottom:14px;box-shadow:var(--sh)}
.sidecard h4{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.74rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border)}
.sidecard-row{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:.86rem;line-height:1.6}
.sidecard-row b{color:var(--pri);font-weight:700}
.sidecard-row:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
@media(max-width:980px){.col-side{position:static;max-height:none}}
.xp-card{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft));border:1.5px solid var(--acc);border-radius:12px;padding:14px;margin-bottom:14px}
.xp-card-title{font-size:.68rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--acc2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:8px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}
.xp-level{font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:900;color:var(--acc2);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.xp-bar{height:9px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;margin:7px 0}
.xp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--acc),var(--pri));border-radius:6px;transition:width .5s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}
.xp-nums{font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;justify-content:space-between}
.sec-nav{display:flex;gap:10px;margin-top:24px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap}
.foot{text-align:center;padding:30px 16px;color:var(--muted);font-size:.78rem;border-top:1px solid var(--border);margin-top:30px}
.ach-popup{position:fixed;top:80px;right:18px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));color:#fff;padding:12px 18px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.9rem;box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.32);z-index:1002;display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;max-width:340px}
.ach-popup.show{display:flex}
.col-side-backdrop{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.42);z-index:9990;display:none}
.col-side-backdrop.show{display:block}
@media(min-width:981px){#sidebar-btn{display:none}.col-side-backdrop.show{display:none}}
@media(max-width:980px){
.col-side{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;height:100vh;width:300px;max-width:88vw;background:var(--bg);box-shadow:-12px 0 24px rgba(0,0,0,.18);padding:18px 16px;overflow-y:auto;transform:translateX(100%);transition:transform .25s ease;z-index:9991;max-height:none}
.col-side.open{transform:none}
}
.search-modal{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(15,23,42,.55);backdrop-filter:blur(4px);z-index:9993;display:none;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:center;padding-top:14vh}
.search-modal.show{display:flex}
.search-box{background:var(--bg);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;width:560px;max-width:92vw;max-height:70vh;display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 24px 64px rgba(0,0,0,.4)}
.search-input{padding:14px 16px;font-size:1rem;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);background:transparent;color:var(--text);outline:none}
.search-results{flex:1;overflow-y:auto;padding:6px 0}
.search-row{display:block;padding:8px 16px;cursor:pointer;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);text-align:left;background:transparent;border:0;width:100%;color:var(--text)}
.search-row:hover,.search-row.active{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft))}
.search-row .sr-kind{font-size:.7rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;margin-bottom:2px}
.search-row .sr-title{font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--text)}
.search-row .sr-desc{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:2px}
.search-empty{padding:20px;text-align:center;color:var(--muted);font-size:.88rem}
.search-foot{padding:8px 14px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;gap:14px}
.search-foot kbd{padding:2px 6px;background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:4px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:.72rem}
.sec{transition:opacity .25s}
</style>
</head>
<body class="p8-theme-electric">
<header class="p8-hero">
<div class="p8-hero-wm"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" aria-hidden="true">
<path d="M55 8 L25 56 L46 56 L40 92 L75 38 L52 38 L60 8 Z"/>
</svg></div>
<div class="p8-hero-meter" id="p8-meter-ch2"><span id="p8-meter-val">0.5</span> А</div>
<div class="p8-hero-inner">
<div class="p8-hero-eyebrow">Глава 2 · 20 параграфов</div>
<h1 class="p8-hero-title">Электромагнитные явления</h1>
<div class="p8-hero-sub">Заряд, ток, цепь, магнитное поле. Конструируйте цепи из компонентов, перемещайте заряды, наблюдайте за искрами и полями.</div>
<div class="hdr-side" style="margin-top:18px;display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;z-index:1">
<a href="/textbook/physics-8" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"/></svg> К физике 8</a>
<button id="search-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="7"/><path d="m21 21-4-4"/></svg> Поиск</button>
<button id="sidebar-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><line x1="4" y1="6" x2="20" y2="6"/><line x1="4" y1="12" x2="20" y2="12"/><line x1="4" y1="18" x2="14" y2="18"/></svg> Шпаргалка</button>
<button id="theme-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 12.8A9 9 0 1 1 11.2 3a7 7 0 0 0 9.8 9.8z"/></svg><span id="theme-lab">Тёмная</span></button>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<main class="main">
<div class="col-main">
<section class="hero">
<h2>Электромагнитные явления — от заряда до магнита</h2>
<p>Заряды притягиваются и отталкиваются, образуют электрическое поле. По проводнику течёт ток, и закон Ома связывает $U$, $I$, $R$. У постоянных магнитов и проводников с током есть магнитное поле.</p>
<div class="hero-row">
<button class="btn-primary" onclick="goTo('p12')"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polygon points="6 4 20 12 6 20 6 4" fill="currentColor" stroke="none"/></svg> Начать § 12</button>
<div class="hero-progress">
<span class="hp-label">Прогресс по главе</span>
<div class="hp-bar"><div id="hero-hp-fill" class="hp-fill"></div></div>
<span id="hero-hp-text" class="hp-text">0%</span>
</div>
<div id="hero-xp-badge" class="hero-xp-badge" data-gamified></div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="psel">
<div class="psel-title">Параграфы главы</div>
<div id="psel-grid" class="psel-grid"></div>
</section>
<section id="sec-p12" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p12" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="35" cy="50" r="14" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="65" cy="50" r="14" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M40 50 L60 50 M50 40 L50 60" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 12</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электризация тел. Взаимодействие зарядов</h2></div><div id="p12-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p13" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p13" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><rect x="20" y="40" width="60" height="20" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4"/><circle cx="35" cy="50" r="3" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="3" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="65" cy="50" r="3" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 13</span><h2 class="sec-h">Проводники и диэлектрики</h2></div><div id="p13-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p14" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p14" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4"/><path d="M50 26 L50 14 M50 86 L50 74 M26 50 L14 50 M86 50 L74 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 14</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электризация через влияние</h2></div><div id="p14-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p15" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p15" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="16" fill="currentColor"/><path d="M50 30 L50 18 M50 82 L50 70 M30 50 L18 50 M82 50 L70 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 15</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электрический заряд. Элементарный заряд</h2></div><div id="p15-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p16" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p16" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="6" fill="currentColor"/><ellipse cx="50" cy="50" rx="32" ry="14" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.5"/><ellipse cx="50" cy="50" rx="14" ry="32" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.5"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 16</span><h2 class="sec-h">Строение атома. Ионы</h2></div><div id="p16-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p17" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p17" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><line x1="20" y1="50" x2="80" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><line x1="20" y1="35" x2="80" y2="65" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><line x1="20" y1="65" x2="80" y2="35" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 17</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электрическое поле. Электрическое напряжение</h2></div><div id="p17-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p18" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p18" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M30 50 L70 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5" fill="none"/><path d="M65 45 L70 50 L65 55" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/><text x="30" y="40" font-family="Inter" font-size="14" font-weight="700" fill="currentColor">U</text></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 18</span><h2 class="sec-h">Единица электрического напряжения. Расчёт работы в электрическом поле</h2></div><div id="p18-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p19" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p19" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><rect x="20" y="40" width="14" height="20" fill="currentColor"/><rect x="38" y="35" width="6" height="30" fill="currentColor"/><line x1="50" y1="50" x2="80" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 19</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электрический ток. Источники тока</h2></div><div id="p19-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p20" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p20" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M20 70 L40 30 L60 70 L80 30" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 20</span><h2 class="sec-h">Сила и направление электрического тока</h2></div><div id="p20-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p21" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p21" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><rect x="20" y="40" width="60" height="20" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><path d="M30 50 L50 50 M55 45 L60 50 L55 55" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 21</span><h2 class="sec-h">Электрическая цепь. Измерение силы тока и напряжения</h2></div><div id="p21-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p22" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p22" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><text x="50" y="60" font-family="Unbounded" font-size="36" font-weight="900" fill="currentColor" text-anchor="middle">Ω</text></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 22</span><h2 class="sec-h">Связь силы тока и напряжения. Закон Ома для участка электрической цепи</h2></div><div id="p22-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p23" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p23" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M20 50 Q30 20, 40 50 T60 50 T80 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 23</span><h2 class="sec-h">Единица сопротивления. Расчёт сопротивления</h2></div><div id="p23-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p24" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p24" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M15 50 L25 50 L30 40 L40 60 L50 40 L60 60 L70 40 L75 50 L85 50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 24</span><h2 class="sec-h">Последовательное соединение проводников. Реостат</h2></div><div id="p24-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p25" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p25" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M20 30 L80 30 M20 70 L80 70 M50 30 L50 70" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 25</span><h2 class="sec-h">Параллельное соединение проводников</h2></div><div id="p25-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p26" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p26" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><text x="50" y="60" font-family="Unbounded" font-size="32" font-weight="900" fill="currentColor" text-anchor="middle">P</text></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 26</span><h2 class="sec-h">Работа и мощность электрического тока. Закон Джоуля — Ленца</h2></div><div id="p26-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p27" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p27" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="28" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4"/><path d="M28 50 L72 50 M50 28 L50 72" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 27</span><h2 class="sec-h">Использование и экономия электроэнергии. Безопасность</h2></div><div id="p27-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p28" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p28" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><rect x="20" y="42" width="60" height="16" fill="currentColor"/><text x="32" y="56" font-family="Unbounded" font-size="14" font-weight="900" fill="#fff" text-anchor="middle">N</text><text x="68" y="56" font-family="Unbounded" font-size="14" font-weight="900" fill="#fff" text-anchor="middle">S</text></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 28</span><h2 class="sec-h">Постоянные магниты</h2></div><div id="p28-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p29" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p29" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="6" fill="currentColor"/><ellipse cx="50" cy="50" rx="36" ry="18" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><path d="M82 38 L86 48 L78 46" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 29</span><h2 class="sec-h">Магнитное поле</h2></div><div id="p29-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p30" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p30" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="6" fill="currentColor"/><line x1="50" y1="20" x2="50" y2="80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><line x1="20" y1="50" x2="80" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 30</span><h2 class="sec-h">Магнитное поле тока</h2></div><div id="p30-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p31" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p31" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M30 30 Q40 20, 50 30 T70 30 M30 50 Q40 40, 50 50 T70 50 M30 70 Q40 60, 50 70 T70 70" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3" fill="none"/><rect x="48" y="20" width="4" height="60" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 31</span><h2 class="sec-h">Магнитное поле прямого проводника и катушки с током. Электромагнит</h2></div><div id="p31-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-final2" class="sec"><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&#9733;</span><h2 class="sec-h">Финал главы</h2></div><div id="final2-body"></div></section>
</div>
<aside class="col-side" id="col-side"><div id="sidebar-content"></div></aside>
<div class="col-side-backdrop" id="col-side-backdrop"></div>
</main>
<footer class="foot">Интерактивный учебник «Физика 8» · Глава 2 · «Электромагнитные явления» · LearnSpace</footer>
<div id="ach-popup" class="ach-popup"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24" style="width:22px;height:22px"><polygon points="12,2 22,20 2,20"/></svg><span id="ach-text">Достижение!</span></div>
<div id="search-modal" class="search-modal" role="dialog">
<div class="search-box">
<input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" placeholder="Поиск…" autocomplete="off">
<div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div>
<div class="search-foot"><span><kbd>↑↓</kbd> навигация</span><span><kbd>Enter</kbd> открыть</span><span><kbd>Esc</kbd> закрыть</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
'use strict';
const STATE = { current:'p12', progress:{}, achievements:new Map(), xp:0, level:1 }; const STATE = { current:'p12', progress:{}, achievements:new Map(), xp:0, level:1 };
const TOTAL_PARAS = 21; const TOTAL_PARAS = 21;
+256 -257
View File
@@ -1,4 +1,259 @@
<! <!doctype html>
<html lang="ru">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate">
<meta http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0">
<title>Физика 8 · Глава 3 · «Световые явления»</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-interactives.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-design-system.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys-textbook-widgets.css">
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.js"></script>
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js"
onload="renderMathInElement(document.body,{delimiters:[{left:'$$',right:'$$',display:true},{left:'$',right:'$',display:false},{left:'\\[',right:'\\]',display:true},{left:'\\(',right:'\\)',display:false}],throwOnError:false})"></script>
<script src="/js/api.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/xp.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/g3d.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-helpers.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-drag.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-anim.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/optics.js" defer></script>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700;800&family=Manrope:wght@600;700;800;900&family=Unbounded:wght@700;800;900&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
:root{
--bg:#ecfeff; --card:#fff; --card-soft:#f8fafc; --text:#0f172a; --ink:#0f172a; --muted:#64748b;
--border:#e2e8f0; --sh:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.06); --sh2:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.08);
--pri:#7c3aed; --pri2:#5b21b6; --pri-soft:#ede9fe;
--acc:#a78bfa; --acc2:#7c3aed; --acc-soft:#ede9fe;
--ok:#10b981; --ok-bg:#d1fae5; --warn:#f59e0b; --warn-bg:#fef3c7;
--bad:#ef4444; --fail:#dc2626; --fail-bg:#fee2e2;
}
.dark{--bg:#0a0a0e; --card:#13120a; --card-soft:#18160a; --text:#fef9e7; --ink:#fef9e7; --muted:#a39070; --border:#2a2512}
*{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}
html,body{font-family:'Inter',system-ui,sans-serif;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text);line-height:1.55;font-size:15px}
button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}
button{cursor:pointer;border:0;background:transparent;color:inherit}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
.ic{width:16px;height:16px;display:inline-block;flex-shrink:0;stroke:currentColor;fill:none;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;vertical-align:middle}
.hdr{position:relative;background:linear-gradient(110deg,#164e63 0%,#0891b2 55%,#67e8f9 100%);color:#fff;padding:46px 22px 30px;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:2px solid rgba(255,255,255,.2);min-height:130px}
.hdr-row{position:relative;z-index:1;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr h1{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.3;padding-top:4px}
.hdr-sub{font-size:.85rem;opacity:.88;margin-top:6px;font-weight:500;line-height:1.4}
.hdr-side{margin-left:auto;display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr-btn{padding:7px 12px;border-radius:9px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.14);color:#fff;font-weight:600;font-size:.82rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;transition:background .15s;text-decoration:none}
.hdr-btn:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.24)}
.main{max-width:1240px;margin:0 auto;padding:22px;width:100%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 280px;gap:24px}
@media(max-width:980px){.main{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:14px}}
.col-main{min-width:0}
.hero{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft) 0%,var(--acc-soft) 50%,var(--pri-soft) 100%);background-size:200% 200%;animation:heroShift 12s ease-in-out infinite;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:18px;padding:24px 22px;margin-bottom:24px;position:relative;overflow:hidden}
@keyframes heroShift{0%,100%{background-position:0% 50%}50%{background-position:100% 50%}}
.hero h2{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.55rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.hero p{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--text);opacity:.88;margin-bottom:14px;max-width:640px}
.hero-row{display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}
.btn-primary{padding:11px 22px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--pri2));color:#fff;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;box-shadow:var(--sh2);transition:transform .15s,box-shadow .15s}
.btn-primary:hover{transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.18)}
.hero-progress{flex:1;min-width:200px;max-width:280px}
.hp-label{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;display:block;margin-bottom:5px}
.hp-bar{height:8px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.12);border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden}
.hp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:5px;width:0%;transition:width .6s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1)}
.hp-text{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted);font-weight:700;margin-top:4px;display:block}
.hero-xp-badge{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:6px 12px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--warn,#f59e0b),var(--pri));color:#fff;border-radius:99px;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.02em;box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.18);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.psel{margin-bottom:24px}
.psel-title{font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:10px}
.psel-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(180px,1fr));gap:10px}
.psel-card{background:var(--card);border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:13px;padding:14px;cursor:pointer;transition:transform .2s,box-shadow .2s,border-color .2s;text-align:left;position:relative}
.psel-card:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:var(--sh2);border-color:var(--pri)}
.psel-card.active{border-color:var(--pri);background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft),var(--card));box-shadow:var(--sh2)}
.psel-card.active::after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:13px 13px 0 0}
.psel-num{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:5px}
.psel-name{font-size:.86rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--text);line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:8px}
.psel-prog{height:4px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:3px;overflow:hidden}
.psel-prog-fill{height:100%;background:var(--pri);width:0%;transition:width .4s}
.psel-card.final{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft))}
.psel-card.final .psel-num{color:var(--warn)}
.sec[id="sec-p32"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p33"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p34"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p35"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p36"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p37"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p38"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p39"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p40"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-final3"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec{display:none;position:relative;animation:fadeIn .35s ease}
.sec.active{display:block}
@keyframes fadeIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(8px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
.sec-header{margin-bottom:22px;padding-bottom:14px;border-bottom:2px solid var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));position:relative;z-index:1}
.sec-num{display:inline-block;padding:4px 10px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--sec-acc,var(--pri)),var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2)));color:#fff;border-radius:7px;font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.04em;margin-bottom:8px}
.sec-h{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.25}
.card{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:18px 20px;margin-bottom:16px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.04),0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.04);position:relative;z-index:1;transition:transform .25s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1),box-shadow .25s}
.card:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.06),0 16px 36px rgba(0,0,0,.08)}
.card-header{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-bottom:12px;padding-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--border)}
.card-icon{width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:9px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;color:#fff}
.card-icon.repeat{background:#0ea5e9}.card-icon.theory{background:#8b5cf6}.card-icon.algo{background:#f59e0b}.card-icon.rule{background:#ec4899}.card-icon.example{background:#10b981}.card-icon.oral{background:#06b6d4}
.card-icon .ic{width:18px;height:18px}
.card-title{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--muted);flex:1}
.card-num{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));padding:3px 7px;border-radius:5px}
.card-body{font-size:.94rem;line-height:1.65}
.card-body p{margin-bottom:8px}
.card-body p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
.btn{padding:8px 16px;border-radius:8px;background:var(--card);color:var(--text);border:1.5px solid var(--border);font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;transition:background .15s,border-color .15s,transform .1s}
.btn:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn:active{transform:scale(.96)}
.btn.primary{background:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri));color:#fff;border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn.primary:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));border-color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2))}
.feedback{padding:10px 14px;border-radius:9px;font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;margin-top:8px;display:none}
.feedback.ok{display:block;background:var(--ok-bg);color:#065f46;border-left:4px solid var(--ok)}
.feedback.fail{display:block;background:var(--fail-bg);color:#7f1d1d;border-left:4px solid var(--fail)}
.col-side{position:sticky;top:14px;align-self:start;height:fit-content;max-height:calc(100vh - 28px);overflow-y:auto}
.sidecard{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:16px;margin-bottom:14px;box-shadow:var(--sh)}
.sidecard h4{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.74rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border)}
.sidecard-row{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:.86rem;line-height:1.6}
.sidecard-row b{color:var(--pri);font-weight:700}
.sidecard-row:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
@media(max-width:980px){.col-side{position:static;max-height:none}}
.xp-card{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft));border:1.5px solid var(--acc);border-radius:12px;padding:14px;margin-bottom:14px}
.xp-card-title{font-size:.68rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--acc2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:8px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}
.xp-level{font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:900;color:var(--acc2);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.xp-bar{height:9px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;margin:7px 0}
.xp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--acc),var(--pri));border-radius:6px;transition:width .5s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}
.xp-nums{font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;justify-content:space-between}
.sec-nav{display:flex;gap:10px;margin-top:24px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap}
.foot{text-align:center;padding:30px 16px;color:var(--muted);font-size:.78rem;border-top:1px solid var(--border);margin-top:30px}
.ach-popup{position:fixed;top:80px;right:18px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));color:#fff;padding:12px 18px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.9rem;box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.32);z-index:1002;display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;max-width:340px}
.ach-popup.show{display:flex}
.col-side-backdrop{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.42);z-index:9990;display:none}
.col-side-backdrop.show{display:block}
@media(min-width:981px){#sidebar-btn{display:none}.col-side-backdrop.show{display:none}}
@media(max-width:980px){
.col-side{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;height:100vh;width:300px;max-width:88vw;background:var(--bg);box-shadow:-12px 0 24px rgba(0,0,0,.18);padding:18px 16px;overflow-y:auto;transform:translateX(100%);transition:transform .25s ease;z-index:9991;max-height:none}
.col-side.open{transform:none}
}
.search-modal{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(15,23,42,.55);backdrop-filter:blur(4px);z-index:9993;display:none;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:center;padding-top:14vh}
.search-modal.show{display:flex}
.search-box{background:var(--bg);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;width:560px;max-width:92vw;max-height:70vh;display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 24px 64px rgba(0,0,0,.4)}
.search-input{padding:14px 16px;font-size:1rem;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);background:transparent;color:var(--text);outline:none}
.search-results{flex:1;overflow-y:auto;padding:6px 0}
.search-row{display:block;padding:8px 16px;cursor:pointer;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);text-align:left;background:transparent;border:0;width:100%;color:var(--text)}
.search-row:hover,.search-row.active{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft))}
.search-row .sr-kind{font-size:.7rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;margin-bottom:2px}
.search-row .sr-title{font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--text)}
.search-row .sr-desc{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:2px}
.search-empty{padding:20px;text-align:center;color:var(--muted);font-size:.88rem}
.search-foot{padding:8px 14px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;gap:14px}
.search-foot kbd{padding:2px 6px;background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:4px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:.72rem}
.sec{transition:opacity .25s}
</style>
</head>
<body class="p8-theme-spectrum">
<header class="p8-hero">
<div class="p8-hero-wm"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" aria-hidden="true">
<circle cx="50" cy="50" r="22" />
<g><line x1="50" y1="8" x2="50" y2="22" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="50" y1="78" x2="50" y2="92" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="8" y1="50" x2="22" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="78" y1="50" x2="92" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="20" y1="20" x2="30" y2="30" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="70" y1="70" x2="80" y2="80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="80" y1="20" x2="70" y2="30" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="30" y1="70" x2="20" y2="80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/></g>
</svg></div>
<div class="p8-hero-meter" id="p8-meter-ch3"><span id="p8-meter-val">λ=550</span> нм</div>
<div class="p8-hero-inner">
<div class="p8-hero-eyebrow">Глава 3 · 9 параграфов</div>
<h1 class="p8-hero-title">Световые явления</h1>
<div class="p8-hero-sub">Лучи, тени, отражение, преломление, линзы, дисперсия, глаз. Перетаскивайте источники света и зеркала, наблюдайте за лучами и спектром.</div>
<div class="hdr-side" style="margin-top:18px;display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;z-index:1">
<a href="/textbook/physics-8" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"/></svg> К физике 8</a>
<button id="search-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="7"/><path d="m21 21-4-4"/></svg> Поиск</button>
<button id="sidebar-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><line x1="4" y1="6" x2="20" y2="6"/><line x1="4" y1="12" x2="20" y2="12"/><line x1="4" y1="18" x2="14" y2="18"/></svg> Шпаргалка</button>
<button id="theme-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 12.8A9 9 0 1 1 11.2 3a7 7 0 0 0 9.8 9.8z"/></svg><span id="theme-lab">Тёмная</span></button>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<main class="main">
<div class="col-main">
<section class="hero">
<h2>Световые явления — геометрическая оптика</h2>
<p>Свет распространяется прямолинейно со скоростью $c = 3 \cdot 10^8$ м/с. Закон отражения и закон преломления (Снеллиуса) объясняют поведение пучков света. Линзы строят изображения; глаз — это оптическая система.</p>
<div class="hero-row">
<button class="btn-primary" onclick="goTo('p32')"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polygon points="6 4 20 12 6 20 6 4" fill="currentColor" stroke="none"/></svg> Начать § 32</button>
<div class="hero-progress">
<span class="hp-label">Прогресс по главе</span>
<div class="hp-bar"><div id="hero-hp-fill" class="hp-fill"></div></div>
<span id="hero-hp-text" class="hp-text">0%</span>
</div>
<div id="hero-xp-badge" class="hero-xp-badge" data-gamified></div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="psel">
<div class="psel-title">Параграфы главы</div>
<div id="psel-grid" class="psel-grid"></div>
</section>
<section id="sec-p32" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p32" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="14" fill="currentColor"/><g stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"><line x1="50" y1="14" x2="50" y2="26"/><line x1="50" y1="74" x2="50" y2="86"/><line x1="14" y1="50" x2="26" y2="50"/><line x1="74" y1="50" x2="86" y2="50"/></g></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 32</span><h2 class="sec-h">Источники света</h2></div><div id="p32-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p33" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p33" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="32" cy="40" r="10" fill="currentColor"/><rect x="50" y="34" width="14" height="40" fill="currentColor"/><polygon points="68,40 92,30 92,80 68,70" fill="currentColor" opacity="0.5"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 33</span><h2 class="sec-h">Скорость света. Прямолинейное распространение света</h2></div><div id="p33-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p34" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p34" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><line x1="20" y1="20" x2="50" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5"/><line x1="50" y1="50" x2="80" y2="20" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5"/><line x1="50" y1="50" x2="50" y2="90" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="4 4"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 34</span><h2 class="sec-h">Отражение света</h2></div><div id="p34-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p35" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p35" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><line x1="30" y1="20" x2="30" y2="80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4"/><g stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5"><line x1="30" y1="30" x2="22" y2="34"/><line x1="30" y1="45" x2="22" y2="49"/><line x1="30" y1="60" x2="22" y2="64"/><line x1="30" y1="75" x2="22" y2="79"/></g><circle cx="60" cy="50" r="6" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 35</span><h2 class="sec-h">Зеркала. Изображение в плоском зеркале</h2></div><div id="p35-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p36" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p36" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M30 20 Q 20 50, 30 80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5" fill="none"/><line x1="48" y1="50" x2="70" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="3 3"/><circle cx="70" cy="50" r="3" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 36</span><h2 class="sec-h">Преломление света</h2></div><div id="p36-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p37" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p37" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><line x1="20" y1="20" x2="50" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5"/><line x1="50" y1="50" x2="80" y2="80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5" stroke-dasharray="0"/><line x1="0" y1="50" x2="100" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 37</span><h2 class="sec-h">Линзы. Оптическая сила линзы</h2></div><div id="p37-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p38" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p38" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><ellipse cx="50" cy="50" rx="10" ry="36" fill="currentColor" opacity="0.4"/><line x1="0" y1="50" x2="100" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="25" cy="50" r="2" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="75" cy="50" r="2" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 38</span><h2 class="sec-h">Построение изображений в тонких линзах</h2></div><div id="p38-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p39" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p39" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><polygon points="40,20 80,50 40,80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/><line x1="20" y1="50" x2="40" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><g stroke-width="2.5" fill="none"><line x1="60" y1="40" x2="90" y2="30" stroke="#dc2626"/><line x1="60" y1="50" x2="90" y2="50" stroke="#16a34a"/><line x1="60" y1="60" x2="90" y2="70" stroke="#2563eb"/></g></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 39</span><h2 class="sec-h">Глаз как оптическая система</h2></div><div id="p39-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p40" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p40" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><ellipse cx="50" cy="50" rx="36" ry="22" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="12" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="5" fill="#fff"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 40</span><h2 class="sec-h">Дефекты зрения. Очки</h2></div><div id="p40-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-final3" class="sec"><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&#9733;</span><h2 class="sec-h">Финал главы</h2></div><div id="final3-body"></div></section>
</div>
<aside class="col-side" id="col-side"><div id="sidebar-content"></div></aside>
<div class="col-side-backdrop" id="col-side-backdrop"></div>
</main>
<footer class="foot">Интерактивный учебник «Физика 8» · Глава 3 · «Световые явления» · LearnSpace</footer>
<div id="ach-popup" class="ach-popup"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24" style="width:22px;height:22px"><polygon points="12,2 22,20 2,20"/></svg><span id="ach-text">Достижение!</span></div>
<div id="search-modal" class="search-modal" role="dialog">
<div class="search-box">
<input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" placeholder="Поиск…" autocomplete="off">
<div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div>
<div class="search-foot"><span><kbd>↑↓</kbd> навигация</span><span><kbd>Enter</kbd> открыть</span><span><kbd>Esc</kbd> закрыть</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
'use strict';
function _initP40_iv6(){ function _initP40_iv6(){
const sb = document.getElementById('p40-iv6-sandbox'); const sb = document.getElementById('p40-iv6-sandbox');
if (!sb || !window.P8Helpers) return; if (!sb || !window.P8Helpers) return;
@@ -428,262 +683,6 @@ function _initp32_iv5(){
} }
render(); render();
} }
doctype html>
<html lang="ru">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate">
<meta http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0">
<title>Физика 8 · Глава 3 · «Световые явления»</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-interactives.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys8-design-system.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/phys-textbook-widgets.css">
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/katex.min.js"></script>
<script defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex@0.16.9/dist/contrib/auto-render.min.js"
onload="renderMathInElement(document.body,{delimiters:[{left:'$$',right:'$$',display:true},{left:'$',right:'$',display:false},{left:'\\[',right:'\\]',display:true},{left:'\\(',right:'\\)',display:false}],throwOnError:false})"></script>
<script src="/js/api.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/xp.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/g3d.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-helpers.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-drag.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/phys8-anim.js" defer></script>
<script src="/js/optics.js" defer></script>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700;800&family=Manrope:wght@600;700;800;900&family=Unbounded:wght@700;800;900&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@500;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<style>
:root{
--bg:#ecfeff; --card:#fff; --card-soft:#f8fafc; --text:#0f172a; --ink:#0f172a; --muted:#64748b;
--border:#e2e8f0; --sh:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.06); --sh2:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.08);
--pri:#7c3aed; --pri2:#5b21b6; --pri-soft:#ede9fe;
--acc:#a78bfa; --acc2:#7c3aed; --acc-soft:#ede9fe;
--ok:#10b981; --ok-bg:#d1fae5; --warn:#f59e0b; --warn-bg:#fef3c7;
--bad:#ef4444; --fail:#dc2626; --fail-bg:#fee2e2;
}
.dark{--bg:#0a0a0e; --card:#13120a; --card-soft:#18160a; --text:#fef9e7; --ink:#fef9e7; --muted:#a39070; --border:#2a2512}
*{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}
html,body{font-family:'Inter',system-ui,sans-serif;background:var(--bg);color:var(--text);line-height:1.55;font-size:15px}
button,input,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}
button{cursor:pointer;border:0;background:transparent;color:inherit}
a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}
.ic{width:16px;height:16px;display:inline-block;flex-shrink:0;stroke:currentColor;fill:none;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;vertical-align:middle}
.hdr{position:relative;background:linear-gradient(110deg,#164e63 0%,#0891b2 55%,#67e8f9 100%);color:#fff;padding:46px 22px 30px;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:2px solid rgba(255,255,255,.2);min-height:130px}
.hdr-row{position:relative;z-index:1;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr h1{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:900;letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.3;padding-top:4px}
.hdr-sub{font-size:.85rem;opacity:.88;margin-top:6px;font-weight:500;line-height:1.4}
.hdr-side{margin-left:auto;display:flex;gap:8px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}
.hdr-btn{padding:7px 12px;border-radius:9px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.14);color:#fff;font-weight:600;font-size:.82rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;transition:background .15s;text-decoration:none}
.hdr-btn:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.24)}
.main{max-width:1240px;margin:0 auto;padding:22px;width:100%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 280px;gap:24px}
@media(max-width:980px){.main{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:14px}}
.col-main{min-width:0}
.hero{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft) 0%,var(--acc-soft) 50%,var(--pri-soft) 100%);background-size:200% 200%;animation:heroShift 12s ease-in-out infinite;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:18px;padding:24px 22px;margin-bottom:24px;position:relative;overflow:hidden}
@keyframes heroShift{0%,100%{background-position:0% 50%}50%{background-position:100% 50%}}
.hero h2{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.55rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);margin-bottom:10px;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.hero p{font-size:.95rem;color:var(--text);opacity:.88;margin-bottom:14px;max-width:640px}
.hero-row{display:flex;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}
.btn-primary{padding:11px 22px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--pri2));color:#fff;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;box-shadow:var(--sh2);transition:transform .15s,box-shadow .15s}
.btn-primary:hover{transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.18)}
.hero-progress{flex:1;min-width:200px;max-width:280px}
.hp-label{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;display:block;margin-bottom:5px}
.hp-bar{height:8px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.12);border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden}
.hp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:5px;width:0%;transition:width .6s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1)}
.hp-text{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted);font-weight:700;margin-top:4px;display:block}
.hero-xp-badge{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:6px 12px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--warn,#f59e0b),var(--pri));color:#fff;border-radius:99px;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.02em;box-shadow:0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.18);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.psel{margin-bottom:24px}
.psel-title{font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:10px}
.psel-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(180px,1fr));gap:10px}
.psel-card{background:var(--card);border:1.5px solid var(--border);border-radius:13px;padding:14px;cursor:pointer;transition:transform .2s,box-shadow .2s,border-color .2s;text-align:left;position:relative}
.psel-card:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:var(--sh2);border-color:var(--pri)}
.psel-card.active{border-color:var(--pri);background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri-soft),var(--card));box-shadow:var(--sh2)}
.psel-card.active::after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));border-radius:13px 13px 0 0}
.psel-num{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.08em;margin-bottom:5px}
.psel-name{font-size:.86rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--text);line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:8px}
.psel-prog{height:4px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:3px;overflow:hidden}
.psel-prog-fill{height:100%;background:var(--pri);width:0%;transition:width .4s}
.psel-card.final{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft))}
.psel-card.final .psel-num{color:var(--warn)}
.sec[id="sec-p32"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p33"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p34"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p35"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p36"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p37"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p38"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p39"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-p40"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec[id="sec-final3"]{ --sec-acc:#0891b2; --sec-acc-d:#0e7490; --sec-acc-soft:#cffafe; }
.sec{display:none;position:relative;animation:fadeIn .35s ease}
.sec.active{display:block}
@keyframes fadeIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(8px)}to{opacity:1;transform:none}}
.sec-header{margin-bottom:22px;padding-bottom:14px;border-bottom:2px solid var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));position:relative;z-index:1}
.sec-num{display:inline-block;padding:4px 10px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--sec-acc,var(--pri)),var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2)));color:#fff;border-radius:7px;font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.04em;margin-bottom:8px}
.sec-h{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.25}
.card{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:18px 20px;margin-bottom:16px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.04),0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.04);position:relative;z-index:1;transition:transform .25s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1),box-shadow .25s}
.card:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.06),0 16px 36px rgba(0,0,0,.08)}
.card-header{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin-bottom:12px;padding-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--border)}
.card-icon{width:32px;height:32px;border-radius:9px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-shrink:0;color:#fff}
.card-icon.repeat{background:#0ea5e9}.card-icon.theory{background:#8b5cf6}.card-icon.algo{background:#f59e0b}.card-icon.rule{background:#ec4899}.card-icon.example{background:#10b981}.card-icon.oral{background:#06b6d4}
.card-icon .ic{width:18px;height:18px}
.card-title{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;color:var(--muted);flex:1}
.card-num{font-size:.74rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted);background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));padding:3px 7px;border-radius:5px}
.card-body{font-size:.94rem;line-height:1.65}
.card-body p{margin-bottom:8px}
.card-body p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
.btn{padding:8px 16px;border-radius:8px;background:var(--card);color:var(--text);border:1.5px solid var(--border);font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;transition:background .15s,border-color .15s,transform .1s}
.btn:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft));border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn:active{transform:scale(.96)}
.btn.primary{background:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri));color:#fff;border-color:var(--sec-acc,var(--pri))}
.btn.primary:hover{background:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2));border-color:var(--sec-acc-d,var(--pri2))}
.feedback{padding:10px 14px;border-radius:9px;font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;margin-top:8px;display:none}
.feedback.ok{display:block;background:var(--ok-bg);color:#065f46;border-left:4px solid var(--ok)}
.feedback.fail{display:block;background:var(--fail-bg);color:#7f1d1d;border-left:4px solid var(--fail)}
.col-side{position:sticky;top:14px;align-self:start;height:fit-content;max-height:calc(100vh - 28px);overflow-y:auto}
.sidecard{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;padding:16px;margin-bottom:14px;box-shadow:var(--sh)}
.sidecard h4{font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif;font-size:.74rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--pri2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border)}
.sidecard-row{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:.86rem;line-height:1.6}
.sidecard-row b{color:var(--pri);font-weight:700}
.sidecard-row:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
@media(max-width:980px){.col-side{position:static;max-height:none}}
.xp-card{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--acc-soft),var(--pri-soft));border:1.5px solid var(--acc);border-radius:12px;padding:14px;margin-bottom:14px}
.xp-card-title{font-size:.68rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--acc2);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.07em;margin-bottom:8px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}
.xp-level{font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:900;color:var(--acc2);font-family:'Unbounded',sans-serif}
.xp-bar{height:9px;background:rgba(0,0,0,.10);border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;margin:7px 0}
.xp-fill{height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--acc),var(--pri));border-radius:6px;transition:width .5s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}
.xp-nums{font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;justify-content:space-between}
.sec-nav{display:flex;gap:10px;margin-top:24px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap}
.foot{text-align:center;padding:30px 16px;color:var(--muted);font-size:.78rem;border-top:1px solid var(--border);margin-top:30px}
.ach-popup{position:fixed;top:80px;right:18px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--pri),var(--acc));color:#fff;padding:12px 18px;border-radius:11px;font-weight:700;font-size:.9rem;box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,0,0,.32);z-index:1002;display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;max-width:340px}
.ach-popup.show{display:flex}
.col-side-backdrop{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.42);z-index:9990;display:none}
.col-side-backdrop.show{display:block}
@media(min-width:981px){#sidebar-btn{display:none}.col-side-backdrop.show{display:none}}
@media(max-width:980px){
.col-side{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;height:100vh;width:300px;max-width:88vw;background:var(--bg);box-shadow:-12px 0 24px rgba(0,0,0,.18);padding:18px 16px;overflow-y:auto;transform:translateX(100%);transition:transform .25s ease;z-index:9991;max-height:none}
.col-side.open{transform:none}
}
.search-modal{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(15,23,42,.55);backdrop-filter:blur(4px);z-index:9993;display:none;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:center;padding-top:14vh}
.search-modal.show{display:flex}
.search-box{background:var(--bg);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:14px;width:560px;max-width:92vw;max-height:70vh;display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 24px 64px rgba(0,0,0,.4)}
.search-input{padding:14px 16px;font-size:1rem;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);background:transparent;color:var(--text);outline:none}
.search-results{flex:1;overflow-y:auto;padding:6px 0}
.search-row{display:block;padding:8px 16px;cursor:pointer;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border);text-align:left;background:transparent;border:0;width:100%;color:var(--text)}
.search-row:hover,.search-row.active{background:var(--sec-acc-soft,var(--pri-soft))}
.search-row .sr-kind{font-size:.7rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.06em;margin-bottom:2px}
.search-row .sr-title{font-weight:700;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--text)}
.search-row .sr-desc{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);margin-top:2px}
.search-empty{padding:20px;text-align:center;color:var(--muted);font-size:.88rem}
.search-foot{padding:8px 14px;border-top:1px solid var(--border);font-size:.74rem;color:var(--muted);display:flex;gap:14px}
.search-foot kbd{padding:2px 6px;background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:4px;font-family:'JetBrains Mono',monospace;font-size:.72rem}
.sec{transition:opacity .25s}
</style>
</head>
<body class="p8-theme-spectrum">
<header class="p8-hero">
<div class="p8-hero-wm"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" aria-hidden="true">
<circle cx="50" cy="50" r="22" />
<g><line x1="50" y1="8" x2="50" y2="22" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="50" y1="78" x2="50" y2="92" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="8" y1="50" x2="22" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="78" y1="50" x2="92" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="20" y1="20" x2="30" y2="30" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="70" y1="70" x2="80" y2="80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="80" y1="20" x2="70" y2="30" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/>
<line x1="30" y1="70" x2="20" y2="80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"/></g>
</svg></div>
<div class="p8-hero-meter" id="p8-meter-ch3"><span id="p8-meter-val">λ=550</span> нм</div>
<div class="p8-hero-inner">
<div class="p8-hero-eyebrow">Глава 3 · 9 параграфов</div>
<h1 class="p8-hero-title">Световые явления</h1>
<div class="p8-hero-sub">Лучи, тени, отражение, преломление, линзы, дисперсия, глаз. Перетаскивайте источники света и зеркала, наблюдайте за лучами и спектром.</div>
<div class="hdr-side" style="margin-top:18px;display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;z-index:1">
<a href="/textbook/physics-8" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polyline points="15 18 9 12 15 6"/></svg> К физике 8</a>
<button id="search-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="7"/><path d="m21 21-4-4"/></svg> Поиск</button>
<button id="sidebar-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><line x1="4" y1="6" x2="20" y2="6"/><line x1="4" y1="12" x2="20" y2="12"/><line x1="4" y1="18" x2="14" y2="18"/></svg> Шпаргалка</button>
<button id="theme-btn" class="hdr-btn"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 12.8A9 9 0 1 1 11.2 3a7 7 0 0 0 9.8 9.8z"/></svg><span id="theme-lab">Тёмная</span></button>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<main class="main">
<div class="col-main">
<section class="hero">
<h2>Световые явления — геометрическая оптика</h2>
<p>Свет распространяется прямолинейно со скоростью $c = 3 \cdot 10^8$ м/с. Закон отражения и закон преломления (Снеллиуса) объясняют поведение пучков света. Линзы строят изображения; глаз — это оптическая система.</p>
<div class="hero-row">
<button class="btn-primary" onclick="goTo('p32')"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><polygon points="6 4 20 12 6 20 6 4" fill="currentColor" stroke="none"/></svg> Начать § 32</button>
<div class="hero-progress">
<span class="hp-label">Прогресс по главе</span>
<div class="hp-bar"><div id="hero-hp-fill" class="hp-fill"></div></div>
<span id="hero-hp-text" class="hp-text">0%</span>
</div>
<div id="hero-xp-badge" class="hero-xp-badge" data-gamified></div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="psel">
<div class="psel-title">Параграфы главы</div>
<div id="psel-grid" class="psel-grid"></div>
</section>
<section id="sec-p32" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p32" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="14" fill="currentColor"/><g stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" stroke-linecap="round"><line x1="50" y1="14" x2="50" y2="26"/><line x1="50" y1="74" x2="50" y2="86"/><line x1="14" y1="50" x2="26" y2="50"/><line x1="74" y1="50" x2="86" y2="50"/></g></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 32</span><h2 class="sec-h">Источники света</h2></div><div id="p32-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p33" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p33" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><circle cx="32" cy="40" r="10" fill="currentColor"/><rect x="50" y="34" width="14" height="40" fill="currentColor"/><polygon points="68,40 92,30 92,80 68,70" fill="currentColor" opacity="0.5"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 33</span><h2 class="sec-h">Скорость света. Прямолинейное распространение света</h2></div><div id="p33-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p34" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p34" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><line x1="20" y1="20" x2="50" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5"/><line x1="50" y1="50" x2="80" y2="20" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5"/><line x1="50" y1="50" x2="50" y2="90" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="4 4"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 34</span><h2 class="sec-h">Отражение света</h2></div><div id="p34-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p35" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p35" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><line x1="30" y1="20" x2="30" y2="80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4"/><g stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5"><line x1="30" y1="30" x2="22" y2="34"/><line x1="30" y1="45" x2="22" y2="49"/><line x1="30" y1="60" x2="22" y2="64"/><line x1="30" y1="75" x2="22" y2="79"/></g><circle cx="60" cy="50" r="6" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 35</span><h2 class="sec-h">Зеркала. Изображение в плоском зеркале</h2></div><div id="p35-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p36" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p36" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M30 20 Q 20 50, 30 80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5" fill="none"/><line x1="48" y1="50" x2="70" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-dasharray="3 3"/><circle cx="70" cy="50" r="3" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 36</span><h2 class="sec-h">Преломление света</h2></div><div id="p36-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p37" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p37" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><line x1="20" y1="20" x2="50" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5"/><line x1="50" y1="50" x2="80" y2="80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="5" stroke-dasharray="0"/><line x1="0" y1="50" x2="100" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 37</span><h2 class="sec-h">Линзы. Оптическая сила линзы</h2></div><div id="p37-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p38" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p38" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><ellipse cx="50" cy="50" rx="10" ry="36" fill="currentColor" opacity="0.4"/><line x1="0" y1="50" x2="100" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/><circle cx="25" cy="50" r="2" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="75" cy="50" r="2" fill="currentColor"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 38</span><h2 class="sec-h">Построение изображений в тонких линзах</h2></div><div id="p38-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p39" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p39" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><polygon points="40,20 80,50 40,80" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="4" fill="none"/><line x1="20" y1="50" x2="40" y2="50" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><g stroke-width="2.5" fill="none"><line x1="60" y1="40" x2="90" y2="30" stroke="#dc2626"/><line x1="60" y1="50" x2="90" y2="50" stroke="#16a34a"/><line x1="60" y1="60" x2="90" y2="70" stroke="#2563eb"/></g></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 39</span><h2 class="sec-h">Глаз как оптическая система</h2></div><div id="p39-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-p40" class="sec">
<div class="p8-sec-wm" id="p8-sec-wm-p40" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 100 100"><ellipse cx="50" cy="50" rx="36" ry="22" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="3"/><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="12" fill="currentColor"/><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="5" fill="#fff"/></svg></div><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&sect; 40</span><h2 class="sec-h">Дефекты зрения. Очки</h2></div><div id="p40-body"></div></section>
<section id="sec-final3" class="sec"><div class="sec-header"><span class="sec-num">&#9733;</span><h2 class="sec-h">Финал главы</h2></div><div id="final3-body"></div></section>
</div>
<aside class="col-side" id="col-side"><div id="sidebar-content"></div></aside>
<div class="col-side-backdrop" id="col-side-backdrop"></div>
</main>
<footer class="foot">Интерактивный учебник «Физика 8» · Глава 3 · «Световые явления» · LearnSpace</footer>
<div id="ach-popup" class="ach-popup"><svg class="ic" viewBox="0 0 24 24" style="width:22px;height:22px"><polygon points="12,2 22,20 2,20"/></svg><span id="ach-text">Достижение!</span></div>
<div id="search-modal" class="search-modal" role="dialog">
<div class="search-box">
<input type="text" id="search-input" class="search-input" placeholder="Поиск…" autocomplete="off">
<div id="search-results" class="search-results"></div>
<div class="search-foot"><span><kbd>↑↓</kbd> навигация</span><span><kbd>Enter</kbd> открыть</span><span><kbd>Esc</kbd> закрыть</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
'use strict';
const STATE = { current:'p32', progress:{}, achievements:new Map(), xp:0, level:1 }; const STATE = { current:'p32', progress:{}, achievements:new Map(), xp:0, level:1 };
const TOTAL_PARAS = 10; const TOTAL_PARAS = 10;