diff --git a/frontend/admin.html b/frontend/admin.html
index dc35bff..e00a60e 100644
--- a/frontend/admin.html
+++ b/frontend/admin.html
@@ -229,6 +229,12 @@
       font-weight: 700;
     }
     .admin-nav-item.active svg { opacity: 1; color: var(--violet); }
+    .admin-nav-item.locked { opacity: .42; cursor: not-allowed; }
+    .admin-nav-item.locked:hover { background: transparent; color: var(--text-3); }
+    .admin-nav-item.locked svg { opacity: .55; }
+    .admin-nav-item.locked .adm-lock {
+      margin-left: auto; width: 11px; height: 11px; opacity: .8; flex-shrink: 0;
+    }
 
     .admin-main { flex: 1; min-width: 0; padding-left: 28px; }
 
diff --git a/frontend/js/admin/admin.js b/frontend/js/admin/admin.js
index d61bc7d..afffc1a 100644
--- a/frontend/js/admin/admin.js
+++ b/frontend/js/admin/admin.js
@@ -7,14 +7,22 @@
     document.getElementById('page-sub').textContent =
       isAdmin ? 'Администратор · полный доступ' : 'Учитель · просмотр статистики';
 
-    if (isAdmin) {
-      ['btn-tab-subjects','btn-tab-permissions','btn-tab-shop','btn-tab-gam','btn-tab-tpl','btn-tab-sims','btn-tab-games'].forEach(id => {
-        const el = document.getElementById(id);
-        if (el) el.style.display = '';
-      });
-      const sysGroup = document.getElementById('admin-nav-system-group');
-      if (sysGroup) sysGroup.style.display = '';
-    }
+    /* Admin-only tabs: show to everyone for discoverability, but lock for non-admins */
+    const ADMIN_ONLY_TABS = ['btn-tab-subjects','btn-tab-permissions','btn-tab-shop','btn-tab-gam','btn-tab-tpl','btn-tab-sims','btn-tab-games'];
+    const lockSvg = '<svg class="adm-lock" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2.4" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><rect x="3" y="11" width="18" height="11" rx="2"/><path d="M7 11V7a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v4"/></svg>';
+    ADMIN_ONLY_TABS.forEach(id => {
+      const el = document.getElementById(id);
+      if (!el) return;
+      el.style.display = '';               // always visible now
+      if (!isAdmin) {
+        el.classList.add('locked');
+        el.title = 'Только для администраторов';
+        el.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', lockSvg);
+      }
+    });
+    // Система group: visible to everyone too
+    const sysGroup = document.getElementById('admin-nav-system-group');
+    if (sysGroup) sysGroup.style.display = '';
 
     /* Collapsible nav groups — state persisted in localStorage */
     window.toggleAdminGroup = function (slug) {
@@ -47,6 +55,10 @@
     /* ─── Tabs ─── */
     let questionsInited = false, testsInited = false, assignmentsInited = false, usersInited = false, sessionsInited = false, subjectsInited = false, permissionsInited = false, shopInited = false, gamInited = false, tplInited = false, simsInited = false, gamesInited = false, sublogInited = false;
     function switchTab(btn) {
+      if (btn.classList.contains('locked')) {
+        LS.toast('Этот раздел доступен только администраторам', 'warn');
+        return;
+      }
       document.querySelectorAll('.tab-pane').forEach(p => p.classList.remove('active'));
       document.querySelectorAll('.admin-nav-item').forEach(b => b.classList.remove('active'));
       const name = btn.dataset.tab;
@@ -119,7 +131,7 @@
           </div>`;
         }).join('');
       } catch (e) {
-        document.getElementById('stats-grid').innerHTML = `<div class="error">Ошибка: ${esc(e.message)}</div>`;
+        LS.state.error(document.getElementById('stats-grid'), e, loadStats);
       }
     }
 
@@ -669,7 +681,8 @@
           </tr>`;
         }).join('');
       } catch (e) {
-        document.getElementById('users-body').innerHTML = `<tr><td colspan="7" class="error">Ошибка: ${esc(e.message)}</td></tr>`;
+        document.getElementById('users-body').innerHTML = `<tr><td colspan="7"></td></tr>`;
+        LS.state.error(document.getElementById('users-body').querySelector('td'), e, loadUsers);
       }
     }
 
@@ -738,7 +751,7 @@
             <div class="sess-score">${s.score??'—'} / ${s.total}</div>
           </div>`;
         }).join('') + '</div>';
-      } catch (e) { document.getElementById('up-sessions').innerHTML = `<div class="error">Ошибка: ${esc(e.message)}</div>`; }
+      } catch (e) { LS.state.error(document.getElementById('up-sessions'), e); }
     }
 
     function closeUserPanel() {
diff --git a/js/api.js b/js/api.js
index 9acb2df..ae5623a 100644
--- a/js/api.js
+++ b/js/api.js
@@ -378,6 +378,63 @@ function lsToast(message, type = 'info', duration = 3500) {
   el.querySelector('.ls-toast-close').addEventListener('click', () => clearTimeout(timer));
 }
 
+/* ── State helpers: единый паттерн loading/empty/error ───────────────────
+   Usage:
+     LS.state.loading(el)             // spinner
+     LS.state.empty(el, msg, icon?)   // "пусто" с иконкой
+     LS.state.error(el, err, retry?)  // ошибка + "Повторить"
+   ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+function _ensureStateStyles() {
+  if (document.getElementById('ls-state-style')) return;
+  const s = document.createElement('style');
+  s.id = 'ls-state-style';
+  s.textContent = `
+    .ls-state { padding: 40px 20px; text-align: center; color: #56687A; font-size: .9rem; }
+    .ls-state-icon { width: 36px; height: 36px; margin: 0 auto 10px; opacity: .55; display: block; stroke: currentColor; fill: none; stroke-width: 1.6; }
+    .ls-state-spin { width: 32px; height: 32px; border: 3px solid rgba(155,93,229,.15); border-top-color: #9B5DE5; border-radius: 50%; animation: ls-spin .8s linear infinite; margin: 8px auto; display: block; }
+    @keyframes ls-spin { to { transform: rotate(360deg); } }
+    .ls-state-title { font-family: 'Unbounded', sans-serif; font-weight: 700; color: #1F2937; margin-bottom: 4px; font-size: .92rem; }
+    .ls-state-msg   { line-height: 1.5; }
+    .ls-state-btn   {
+      margin-top: 14px; padding: 8px 18px; border-radius: 999px;
+      border: 1.5px solid #9B5DE5; background: transparent; color: #9B5DE5;
+      font-family: 'Manrope', sans-serif; font-size: .82rem; font-weight: 700;
+      cursor: pointer; transition: all .15s;
+    }
+    .ls-state-btn:hover { background: #9B5DE5; color: #fff; }
+  `;
+  document.head.appendChild(s);
+}
+
+const lsState = {
+  loading(el, msg) {
+    if (!el) return;
+    _ensureStateStyles();
+    el.innerHTML = `<div class="ls-state"><div class="ls-state-spin"></div>${msg ? `<div class="ls-state-msg">${escapeHtml(msg)}</div>` : ''}</div>`;
+  },
+  empty(el, msg = 'Пусто', icon = 'inbox') {
+    if (!el) return;
+    _ensureStateStyles();
+    el.innerHTML = `<div class="ls-state">${lsIcon(icon, 36) ? `<div style="margin-bottom:10px;display:flex;justify-content:center;opacity:.55">${lsIcon(icon, 36)}</div>` : ''}<div class="ls-state-msg">${escapeHtml(msg)}</div></div>`;
+  },
+  error(el, err, retryFn) {
+    if (!el) return;
+    _ensureStateStyles();
+    const msg = (err && err.message) || String(err || 'Ошибка');
+    const retryId = 'lse-retry-' + Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 8);
+    el.innerHTML = `<div class="ls-state">
+      <div style="margin-bottom:10px;display:flex;justify-content:center;opacity:.55;color:#F94144">${lsIcon('alert-circle', 36)}</div>
+      <div class="ls-state-title">Не удалось загрузить</div>
+      <div class="ls-state-msg">${escapeHtml(msg)}</div>
+      ${retryFn ? `<button class="ls-state-btn" id="${retryId}">Повторить</button>` : ''}
+    </div>`;
+    if (retryFn) {
+      const btn = el.querySelector('#' + retryId);
+      if (btn) btn.addEventListener('click', () => { lsState.loading(el); retryFn(); });
+    }
+  },
+};
+
 /* ── Skeleton-заглушки ────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
 function lsSkeleton(count = 3, variant = 'card') {
   if (!document.getElementById('ls-skeleton-style')) {
@@ -919,6 +976,7 @@ window.LS = {
   confirm: lsConfirm,
   modal:   lsModal,
   toast: lsToast,
+  state: lsState,
   skeleton: lsSkeleton,
   api: apiFetch,
   get:  (path) => apiFetch(path, { method: 'GET' }),