feat(labs): wave 3 — 5 new sims + optics merger
Оптическая скамья (opticsbench) — merger thinlens + mirror + refraction - 4 режима: «Свободная сборка» / «Линза» / «Зеркало» / «Преломление» - Все 3 движка слиты в OpticsBenchSim (1583 строк) - Backward compat: #thinlens / #mirrors / #refraction → #opticsbench - Удалены: thinlens.js, mirror.js, refraction.js Радиоактивный распад (radioactive) — новая сима - Monte-Carlo распад: λ·dt вероятность на тик, частицы меняют цвет, эмитируются α/β/γ - Real-time N(t) график с теоретической кривой N₀·exp(-λt) - 7 изотопов: ¹⁴C, ¹³¹I, ¹³⁷Cs, ²²⁶Ra, ⁴⁰K, ²³⁸U-chain, ²³⁵U-chain - Цепочки распадов (U-238: 14 шагов сокращены до 5 ключевых) - Dating mode для C-14: t = ln(N₀/N)/λ - HUD: периодов прошло, % распалось, активность в Бк Тепловые двигатели (heatengine) — новая сима - 4 цикла: Карно / Отто / Дизель / Брайтон - PV-диаграмма с замкнутым циклом, заполненной площадью работы - Аналитически точные изотермы (PV=nRT) и адиабаты (PV^γ=const) - Анимированный поршень с резервуарами (красный T_h / синий T_c) - Частицы газа, скорость ∝ √T - Hover-tooltips с формулами для каждого сегмента Логические схемы (logic) — новая сима для информатики - Drag-drop конструктор: 12 типов компонентов (INPUT/CLOCK/OUTPUT/AND/OR/NOT/XOR/NAND/NOR/XNOR/BUF/wire) - Топологическая сортировка для propagation, цветовая подсветка HIGH/LOW - Авто-генерация булевого выражения (∧ ∨ ¬ ⊕) - Авто-таблица истинности (до 2^6 = 64 строк) - 6 пресетов: полусумматор, полный сумматор, RS-триггер, D-триггер, декодер 2-в-4, мультиплексор 2-в-1 Стехиометрия (stoichiometry) — новая сима - 10 реакций: Zn+HCl, H₂+O₂, CH₄+O₂, N₂+H₂ (Габер), Al+CuSO₄, Mg+O₂, CaCO₃→, HCl+NaOH, KMnO₄→, C₂H₅OH+O₂ - Sliders с переключением m/n/V (для газов V=n·22.4 при н.у.) - Анимация частиц при реакции, подсветка лимитирующего реагента - Пошаговый расчёт m→n→n_product→m_product с KaTeX - HUD: лимит, избытки, теоретический выход Каталог: 33 → 35 сим (5 новых − 3 удалённых merger) Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
Maxim Dolgolyov
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'use strict';
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/* ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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HeatEngineSim — тепловые двигатели
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Поддерживаемые циклы: Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Brayton
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n = 1 моль, R = 8.314 Дж/(моль·К), γ = 1.4
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Левая часть: PV-диаграмма (Canvas 2D) — замкнутый цикл A→B→C→D→A
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Правая часть: анимация поршня + частицы газа
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══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ */
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class HeatEngineSim {
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constructor(pvCanvas, pistonCanvas) {
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this._pv = pvCanvas;
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this._pis = pistonCanvas;
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this._pvCtx = pvCanvas.getContext('2d');
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this._pisCtx = pistonCanvas.getContext('2d');
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/* physics constants */
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this.n = 1;
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this.R = 8.314;
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this.gamma = 1.4;
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/* parameters */
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this.cycleType = 'carnot'; // 'carnot' | 'otto' | 'diesel' | 'brayton'
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this.Th = 800; // K
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this.Tc = 300; // K
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this.cr = 8; // compression ratio (Otto/Diesel)
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/* animation state */
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this._running = false;
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this._t = 0; // 0..1 progress through cycle
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this._speed = 0.004; // dt per frame
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this._raf = null;
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/* PV viewport */
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this._ML = 58; this._MB = 46; this._MT = 28; this._MR = 22;
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this._pvW = 0; this._pvH = 0;
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this._Vmin = 0; this._Vmax = 1;
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this._Pmin = 0; this._Pmax = 1;
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/* particles for piston view */
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this._particles = [];
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this._initParticles(40);
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/* hover state */
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this._hoverSeg = -1;
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this._pv.addEventListener('mousemove', e => this._onPvMove(e));
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this._pv.addEventListener('mouseleave', () => { this._hoverSeg = -1; this._drawPv(); });
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/* tooltip */
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this._tooltip = null;
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/* callbacks */
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this.onStats = null; // called with stats object
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new ResizeObserver(() => { this.fit(); this._drawPv(); this._drawPiston(); }).observe(pvCanvas.parentElement || pvCanvas);
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}
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/* ── public API ─────────────────────────────────────── */
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setCycle(type) { this.cycleType = type; this._recompute(); }
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setTh(v) { this.Th = Math.max(this.Tc + 10, +v); this._recompute(); }
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setTc(v) { this.Tc = Math.max(200, Math.min(this.Th - 10, +v)); this._recompute(); }
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setCR(v) { this.cr = Math.max(2, Math.min(20, +v)); this._recompute(); }
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start() { if (!this._running) { this._running = true; this._loop(); } }
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pause() { this._running = false; cancelAnimationFrame(this._raf); }
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stop() { this.pause(); this._t = 0; this._drawPv(); this._drawPiston(); }
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step() { this._t = (this._t + this._speed * 10) % 1; this._drawPv(); this._drawPiston(); }
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reset() { this.stop(); this._recompute(); }
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fit() {
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const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
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for (const [cv, ctx, side] of [
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[this._pv, this._pvCtx, 'pv'],
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[this._pis, this._pisCtx, 'pis'],
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]) {
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const w = cv.offsetWidth || 400;
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const h = cv.offsetHeight || 300;
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cv.width = w * dpr;
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cv.height = h * dpr;
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ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0);
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if (side === 'pv') { this._pvW = w; this._pvH = h; }
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}
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}
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/* ── cycle computation ───────────────────────────────── */
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_recompute() {
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this._nodes = this['_nodes_' + this.cycleType]();
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this._updateViewport();
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this._emitStats();
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this._drawPv();
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this._drawPiston();
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}
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/* Returns array of {V,P,T,label,phase} nodes.
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Segments: nodes[i] → nodes[(i+1)%n], phase type on segment start. */
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_nodes_carnot() {
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const { n, R, gamma, Th, Tc } = this;
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/* choose V_A so diagarm looks good; derive B,C,D from Carnot chain */
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const VA = 0.01; // m³ — 10 L
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const PA = n * R * Th / VA;
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/* A→B: isothermal at Th; pick V_B = 3*VA */
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const VB = 3 * VA;
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const PB = n * R * Th / VB;
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/* B→C: adiabatic expansion to Tc
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Tc/Th = (VB/VC)^(γ-1) → VC = VB*(Th/Tc)^(1/(γ-1)) */
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const VC = VB * Math.pow(Th / Tc, 1 / (gamma - 1));
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const PC = n * R * Tc / VC;
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/* C→D: isothermal at Tc, pick VD so D→A is adiabatic
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PD*VD^γ = PA*VA^γ and PD = nRTc/VD → VD = VA*(Th/Tc)^(1/(γ-1)) */
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const VD = VA * Math.pow(Th / Tc, 1 / (gamma - 1));
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const PD = n * R * Tc / VD;
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return [
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{ V: VA, P: PA, T: Th, label: 'A', phase: 'isotherm_hot' },
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{ V: VB, P: PB, T: Th, label: 'B', phase: 'adiabat_exp' },
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{ V: VC, P: PC, T: Tc, label: 'C', phase: 'isotherm_cold' },
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{ V: VD, P: PD, T: Tc, label: 'D', phase: 'adiabat_comp' },
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];
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}
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_nodes_otto() {
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const { n, R, gamma, Th, Tc, cr } = this;
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/* Otto: 1→2 adiabatic comp, 2→3 isochoric heat, 3→4 adiabatic exp, 4→1 isochoric cool */
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const V1 = 0.02; // m³ — BDC
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const V2 = V1 / cr; // TDC
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const T1 = Tc;
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const P1 = n * R * T1 / V1;
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/* adiabatic compression 1→2 */
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const T2 = T1 * Math.pow(cr, gamma - 1);
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const P2 = P1 * Math.pow(cr, gamma);
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/* isochoric heat 2→3: peak temp = Th */
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const T3 = Th;
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const P3 = P2 * (T3 / T2);
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const V3 = V2;
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/* adiabatic expansion 3→4 */
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const T4 = T3 / Math.pow(cr, gamma - 1);
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const P4 = P3 / Math.pow(cr, gamma);
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const V4 = V1;
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return [
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{ V: V1, P: P1, T: T1, label: 'A', phase: 'adiabat_comp' },
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{ V: V2, P: P2, T: T2, label: 'B', phase: 'isochoric_hot' },
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{ V: V3, P: P3, T: T3, label: 'C', phase: 'adiabat_exp' },
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{ V: V4, P: P4, T: T4, label: 'D', phase: 'isochoric_cold' },
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];
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}
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_nodes_diesel() {
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const { n, R, gamma, Th, Tc, cr } = this;
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/* Diesel: 1→2 adiabatic comp, 2→3 isobaric heat, 3→4 adiabatic exp, 4→1 isochoric cool */
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const V1 = 0.02;
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const V2 = V1 / cr;
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const T1 = Tc;
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const P1 = n * R * T1 / V1;
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/* adiabatic comp 1→2 */
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const T2 = T1 * Math.pow(cr, gamma - 1);
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const P2 = P1 * Math.pow(cr, gamma);
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/* isobaric heat 2→3 to Th */
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const T3 = Th;
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const V3 = V2 * (T3 / T2);
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const P3 = P2;
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/* cutoff ratio */
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const rc = V3 / V2;
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/* adiabatic exp 3→4 */
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const V4 = V1;
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const P4 = P3 * Math.pow(V3 / V4, gamma);
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const T4 = P4 * V4 / (n * R);
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return [
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{ V: V1, P: P1, T: T1, label: 'A', phase: 'adiabat_comp' },
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{ V: V2, P: P2, T: T2, label: 'B', phase: 'isobar_hot' },
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{ V: V3, P: P3, T: T3, label: 'C', phase: 'adiabat_exp' },
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{ V: V4, P: P4, T: T4, label: 'D', phase: 'isochoric_cold' },
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];
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}
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_nodes_brayton() {
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const { n, R, gamma, Th, Tc, cr } = this;
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/* Brayton (gas turbine): 1→2 adiabatic comp, 2→3 isobaric heat, 3→4 adiabatic exp, 4→1 isobaric cool */
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const V1 = 0.025;
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const T1 = Tc;
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const P1 = n * R * T1 / V1;
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const P2 = P1 * cr; // pressure ratio
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/* adiabatic comp */
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const T2 = T1 * Math.pow(cr, (gamma - 1) / gamma);
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const V2 = n * R * T2 / P2;
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/* isobaric heat to Th */
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const T3 = Th;
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const V3 = n * R * T3 / P2;
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const P3 = P2;
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/* adiabatic exp */
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const P4 = P1;
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const T4 = T3 / Math.pow(cr, (gamma - 1) / gamma);
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const V4 = n * R * T4 / P4;
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return [
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{ V: V1, P: P1, T: T1, label: 'A', phase: 'adiabat_comp' },
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{ V: V2, P: P2, T: T2, label: 'B', phase: 'isobar_hot' },
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{ V: V3, P: P3, T: T3, label: 'C', phase: 'adiabat_exp' },
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{ V: V4, P: P4, T: T4, label: 'D', phase: 'isochoric_cold' },
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];
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}
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/* ── viewport & stats ─────────────────────────────── */
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_updateViewport() {
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const ns = this._nodes;
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if (!ns || !ns.length) return;
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const Vs = ns.map(n => n.V), Ps = ns.map(n => n.P);
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const Vmin = Math.min(...Vs), Vmax = Math.max(...Vs);
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const Pmin = Math.min(...Ps), Pmax = Math.max(...Ps);
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const dV = Vmax - Vmin || 0.001;
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const dP = Pmax - Pmin || 1;
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this._Vmin = Vmin - dV * 0.18;
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this._Vmax = Vmax + dV * 0.18;
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this._Pmin = Pmin - dP * 0.18;
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this._Pmax = Pmax + dP * 0.18;
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}
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_emitStats() {
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if (!this.onStats) return;
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const ns = this._nodes;
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if (!ns) return;
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/* calculate Q_hot, Q_cold, W_net by summing segment works */
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let W = 0, Qh = 0, Qc = 0;
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const { n: nn, R, gamma } = this;
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for (let i = 0; i < ns.length; i++) {
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const a = ns[i], b = ns[(i + 1) % ns.length];
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const seg = a.phase;
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const dW = this._segWork(a, b, seg);
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const dQ = this._segHeat(a, b, seg, dW);
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W += dW;
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if (dQ > 0) Qh += dQ; else Qc += dQ;
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}
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const etaCarnot = 1 - this.Tc / this.Th;
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const eta = Qh > 0 ? W / Qh : 0;
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this.onStats({
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Th: Math.round(this.Th),
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Tc: Math.round(this.Tc),
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etaCarnot: (etaCarnot * 100).toFixed(1),
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eta: (Math.max(0, eta) * 100).toFixed(1),
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Qh: Math.round(Qh),
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Qc: Math.round(Math.abs(Qc)),
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W: Math.round(W),
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});
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}
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_segWork(a, b, phase) {
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const { n, R, gamma } = this;
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if (phase === 'isotherm_hot' || phase === 'isotherm_cold') {
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return n * R * a.T * Math.log(b.V / a.V);
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}
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if (phase === 'adiabat_exp' || phase === 'adiabat_comp') {
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return (a.P * a.V - b.P * b.V) / (gamma - 1);
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}
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if (phase === 'isochoric_hot' || phase === 'isochoric_cold') {
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return 0;
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}
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if (phase === 'isobar_hot' || phase === 'isobar_cold' || phase === 'isochoric_cold') {
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return a.P * (b.V - a.V);
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}
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return 0;
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}
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_segHeat(a, b, phase, W) {
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const { n, R, gamma } = this;
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const Cv = R / (gamma - 1);
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const dU = n * Cv * (b.T - a.T);
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if (phase === 'adiabat_exp' || phase === 'adiabat_comp') return 0;
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return dU + W;
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}
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/* ── animation loop ──────────────────────────────── */
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_loop() {
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if (!this._running) return;
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this._t = (this._t + this._speed) % 1;
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this._updateParticles();
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this._drawPv();
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this._drawPiston();
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this._raf = requestAnimationFrame(() => this._loop());
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}
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/* ── interpolated state ──────────────────────────── */
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_stateAt(t) {
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const ns = this._nodes;
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if (!ns || ns.length < 2) return null;
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const N = ns.length;
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const seg = Math.floor(t * N);
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const u = (t * N) - seg;
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const a = ns[seg % N];
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const b = ns[(seg + 1) % N];
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const phase = a.phase;
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let V, P, T;
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if (phase === 'isotherm_hot' || phase === 'isotherm_cold') {
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/* isothermal: PV = const → V = Va + u*(Vb-Va), P = const/V */
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V = a.V + u * (b.V - a.V);
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P = a.P * a.V / V;
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T = a.T;
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} else if (phase === 'adiabat_exp' || phase === 'adiabat_comp') {
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/* adiabatic: PV^γ = const → parametric by V */
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V = a.V * Math.pow(b.V / a.V, u);
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P = a.P * Math.pow(a.V / V, this.gamma);
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T = P * V / (this.n * this.R);
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} else if (phase === 'isochoric_hot' || phase === 'isochoric_cold') {
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/* isochoric: V = const */
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V = a.V;
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P = a.P + u * (b.P - a.P);
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T = P * V / (this.n * this.R);
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} else {
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/* isobaric */
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V = a.V + u * (b.V - a.V);
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P = a.P;
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T = P * V / (this.n * this.R);
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}
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return { V, P, T, phase, seg };
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}
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/* ── PV diagram ──────────────────────────────────── */
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_vx(v) {
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const pw = this._pvW - this._ML - this._MR;
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return this._ML + (v - this._Vmin) / (this._Vmax - this._Vmin) * pw;
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}
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_py(p) {
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const ph = this._pvH - this._MT - this._MB;
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return this._MT + (1 - (p - this._Pmin) / (this._Pmax - this._Pmin)) * ph;
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}
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_drawPv() {
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const ctx = this._pvCtx;
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const W = this._pvW, H = this._pvH;
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if (!W || !H) return;
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ctx.fillStyle = '#0D0D1A';
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ctx.fillRect(0, 0, W, H);
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if (!this._nodes) return;
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this._pvDrawGrid(ctx, W, H);
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this._pvDrawCycle(ctx);
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this._pvDrawCurrentPoint(ctx);
|
||||
this._pvDrawPhaseLabel(ctx, W);
|
||||
this._pvDrawHoverTooltip(ctx, W, H);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_pvDrawGrid(ctx, W, H) {
|
||||
const { _ML: ML, _MT: MT, _MB: MB, _MR: MR } = this;
|
||||
const pw = W - ML - MR, ph = H - MT - MB;
|
||||
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.018)';
|
||||
ctx.fillRect(ML, MT, pw, ph);
|
||||
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.05)';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.setLineDash([]);
|
||||
const vSteps = 6, pSteps = 5;
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i <= vSteps; i++) {
|
||||
const v = this._Vmin + (this._Vmax - this._Vmin) * i / vSteps;
|
||||
const x = this._vx(v);
|
||||
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(x, MT); ctx.lineTo(x, MT + ph); ctx.stroke();
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i <= pSteps; i++) {
|
||||
const p = this._Pmin + (this._Pmax - this._Pmin) * i / pSteps;
|
||||
const y = this._py(p);
|
||||
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(ML, y); ctx.lineTo(ML + pw, y); ctx.stroke();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* axes */
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.3)';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.moveTo(ML, MT); ctx.lineTo(ML, MT + ph); ctx.lineTo(ML + pw, MT + ph);
|
||||
ctx.stroke();
|
||||
|
||||
/* axis labels */
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.55)';
|
||||
ctx.font = '12px Manrope, system-ui, sans-serif';
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
|
||||
ctx.fillText('V, м³', ML + pw / 2, MT + ph + 32);
|
||||
ctx.save();
|
||||
ctx.translate(13, MT + ph / 2);
|
||||
ctx.rotate(-Math.PI / 2);
|
||||
ctx.fillText('P, Па', 0, 0);
|
||||
ctx.restore();
|
||||
|
||||
/* tick labels */
|
||||
ctx.font = '9px Manrope, system-ui, sans-serif';
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.38)';
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'right'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i <= pSteps; i++) {
|
||||
const p = this._Pmin + (this._Pmax - this._Pmin) * i / pSteps;
|
||||
const y = this._py(p);
|
||||
if (y < MT + 2 || y > MT + ph - 2) continue;
|
||||
ctx.fillText(this._fmtSci(p), ML - 5, y);
|
||||
}
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'top';
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i <= vSteps; i++) {
|
||||
const v = this._Vmin + (this._Vmax - this._Vmin) * i / vSteps;
|
||||
const x = this._vx(v);
|
||||
ctx.fillText(this._fmtSci(v), x, MT + ph + 5);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_pvDrawCycle(ctx) {
|
||||
const ns = this._nodes;
|
||||
const N = ns.length;
|
||||
const segColors = {
|
||||
isotherm_hot: '#EF476F',
|
||||
adiabat_exp: '#FFD166',
|
||||
isotherm_cold: '#06D6E0',
|
||||
adiabat_comp: '#7BF5A4',
|
||||
isochoric_hot: '#F15BB5',
|
||||
isochoric_cold: '#4CC9F0',
|
||||
isobar_hot: '#F15BB5',
|
||||
isobar_cold: '#4CC9F0',
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
/* filled area — net work */
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
|
||||
const a = ns[i], b = ns[(i + 1) % N];
|
||||
this._pvSegPath(ctx, a, b, i === 0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
ctx.closePath();
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(155,93,229,0.12)';
|
||||
ctx.fill();
|
||||
|
||||
/* W label inside */
|
||||
const cV = ns.reduce((s, nd) => s + nd.V, 0) / N;
|
||||
const cP = ns.reduce((s, nd) => s + nd.P, 0) / N;
|
||||
const cx = this._vx(cV), cy = this._py(cP);
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(155,93,229,0.75)';
|
||||
ctx.font = 'bold 10px Manrope, system-ui, sans-serif';
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
|
||||
ctx.fillText('Wцикл', cx, cy - 6);
|
||||
|
||||
/* segments */
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
|
||||
const a = ns[i], b = ns[(i + 1) % N];
|
||||
const col = segColors[a.phase] || '#9B5DE5';
|
||||
const hovered = this._hoverSeg === i;
|
||||
ctx.save();
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = col;
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = hovered ? 3.5 : 2.2;
|
||||
ctx.globalAlpha = hovered ? 1 : 0.82;
|
||||
ctx.setLineDash([]);
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
this._pvSegPath(ctx, a, b, true);
|
||||
ctx.stroke();
|
||||
ctx.restore();
|
||||
|
||||
/* arrow at midpoint */
|
||||
this._pvArrow(ctx, a, b, col);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* node circles & labels */
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
|
||||
const nd = ns[i];
|
||||
const x = this._vx(nd.V), y = this._py(nd.P);
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.arc(x, y, 5, 0, Math.PI * 2);
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = '#fff';
|
||||
ctx.fill();
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = segColors[nd.phase] || '#9B5DE5';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
|
||||
ctx.stroke();
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = '#fff';
|
||||
ctx.font = 'bold 11px Manrope, system-ui, sans-serif';
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
|
||||
/* offset label away from center */
|
||||
const dv = nd.V - (this._Vmin + this._Vmax) / 2;
|
||||
const dp = nd.P - (this._Pmin + this._Pmax) / 2;
|
||||
const ox = dv > 0 ? 13 : -13;
|
||||
const oy = dp > 0 ? -12 : 12;
|
||||
ctx.fillText(nd.label, x + ox, y + oy);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_pvSegPath(ctx, a, b, isFirst) {
|
||||
const STEPS = 80;
|
||||
const phase = a.phase;
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i <= STEPS; i++) {
|
||||
const u = i / STEPS;
|
||||
let V, P;
|
||||
if (phase === 'isotherm_hot' || phase === 'isotherm_cold') {
|
||||
V = a.V + u * (b.V - a.V);
|
||||
P = a.P * a.V / V;
|
||||
} else if (phase === 'adiabat_exp' || phase === 'adiabat_comp') {
|
||||
V = a.V * Math.pow(b.V / a.V, u);
|
||||
P = a.P * Math.pow(a.V / V, this.gamma);
|
||||
} else if (phase === 'isochoric_hot' || phase === 'isochoric_cold') {
|
||||
V = a.V;
|
||||
P = a.P + u * (b.P - a.P);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
V = a.V + u * (b.V - a.V);
|
||||
P = a.P;
|
||||
}
|
||||
const x = this._vx(V), y = this._py(P);
|
||||
if (i === 0 && isFirst) ctx.moveTo(x, y);
|
||||
else ctx.lineTo(x, y);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_pvArrow(ctx, a, b, col) {
|
||||
/* midpoint at u=0.55 */
|
||||
const phase = a.phase;
|
||||
const u0 = 0.52, u1 = 0.56;
|
||||
const [x0, y0] = this._pvPoint(a, b, phase, u0);
|
||||
const [x1, y1] = this._pvPoint(a, b, phase, u1);
|
||||
const ang = Math.atan2(y1 - y0, x1 - x0);
|
||||
const sz = 7;
|
||||
ctx.save();
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = col;
|
||||
ctx.globalAlpha = 0.85;
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.translate(x1, y1);
|
||||
ctx.rotate(ang);
|
||||
ctx.moveTo(sz, 0);
|
||||
ctx.lineTo(-sz * 0.6, -sz * 0.4);
|
||||
ctx.lineTo(-sz * 0.6, sz * 0.4);
|
||||
ctx.closePath();
|
||||
ctx.fill();
|
||||
ctx.restore();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_pvPoint(a, b, phase, u) {
|
||||
let V, P;
|
||||
if (phase === 'isotherm_hot' || phase === 'isotherm_cold') {
|
||||
V = a.V + u * (b.V - a.V); P = a.P * a.V / V;
|
||||
} else if (phase === 'adiabat_exp' || phase === 'adiabat_comp') {
|
||||
V = a.V * Math.pow(b.V / a.V, u); P = a.P * Math.pow(a.V / V, this.gamma);
|
||||
} else if (phase === 'isochoric_hot' || phase === 'isochoric_cold') {
|
||||
V = a.V; P = a.P + u * (b.P - a.P);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
V = a.V + u * (b.V - a.V); P = a.P;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return [this._vx(V), this._py(P)];
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_pvDrawCurrentPoint(ctx) {
|
||||
if (!this._running && this._t === 0) return;
|
||||
const st = this._stateAt(this._t);
|
||||
if (!st) return;
|
||||
const x = this._vx(st.V), y = this._py(st.P);
|
||||
ctx.save();
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.arc(x, y, 7, 0, Math.PI * 2);
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = '#fff';
|
||||
ctx.globalAlpha = 0.9;
|
||||
ctx.fill();
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = '#9B5DE5';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 2;
|
||||
ctx.stroke();
|
||||
ctx.restore();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_pvDrawPhaseLabel(ctx, W) {
|
||||
const st = this._stateAt(this._t);
|
||||
if (!st) return;
|
||||
const names = {
|
||||
isotherm_hot: 'Изотермическое расширение (Tгор)',
|
||||
adiabat_exp: 'Адиабатическое расширение',
|
||||
isotherm_cold: 'Изотермическое сжатие (Tхол)',
|
||||
adiabat_comp: 'Адиабатическое сжатие',
|
||||
isochoric_hot: 'Изохорное нагревание',
|
||||
isochoric_cold: 'Изохорное охлаждение',
|
||||
isobar_hot: 'Изобарное нагревание',
|
||||
isobar_cold: 'Изобарное охлаждение',
|
||||
};
|
||||
const label = names[st.phase] || '';
|
||||
if (!label) return;
|
||||
ctx.save();
|
||||
ctx.font = 'bold 11px Manrope, system-ui, sans-serif';
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
|
||||
ctx.textBaseline = 'top';
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.75)';
|
||||
ctx.fillText(label, W / 2, this._MT - 18);
|
||||
ctx.restore();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_pvDrawHoverTooltip(ctx, W, H) {
|
||||
if (this._hoverSeg < 0 || !this._tooltipX) return;
|
||||
const ns = this._nodes;
|
||||
const i = this._hoverSeg;
|
||||
const a = ns[i];
|
||||
const phase = a.phase;
|
||||
|
||||
/* formulas per phase */
|
||||
const formulas = {
|
||||
isotherm_hot: 'W = nRTгор · ln(V₂/V₁)',
|
||||
isotherm_cold: 'W = nRTхол · ln(V₂/V₁)',
|
||||
adiabat_exp: 'W = (P₁V₁ - P₂V₂) / (γ - 1)',
|
||||
adiabat_comp: 'W = (P₁V₁ - P₂V₂) / (γ - 1)',
|
||||
isochoric_hot: 'W = 0, Q = νCᵥΔT',
|
||||
isochoric_cold: 'W = 0, Q = νCᵥΔT',
|
||||
isobar_hot: 'W = PΔV, Q = νCₚΔT',
|
||||
isobar_cold: 'W = PΔV, Q = νCₚΔT',
|
||||
};
|
||||
const txt = formulas[phase] || '';
|
||||
if (!txt) return;
|
||||
|
||||
const tx = Math.min(this._tooltipX, W - 180);
|
||||
const ty = Math.max(this._MT + 4, this._tooltipY - 36);
|
||||
|
||||
ctx.save();
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(13,13,26,0.92)';
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(155,93,229,0.5)';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 1;
|
||||
const tw = ctx.measureText(txt).width + 20;
|
||||
const th = 24;
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.roundRect(tx, ty, tw, th, 6);
|
||||
ctx.fill(); ctx.stroke();
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.82)';
|
||||
ctx.font = '10px Manrope, system-ui, sans-serif';
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
|
||||
ctx.fillText(txt, tx + 10, ty + th / 2);
|
||||
ctx.restore();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* ── hover detection ─────────────────────────────── */
|
||||
|
||||
_onPvMove(e) {
|
||||
const rect = this._pv.getBoundingClientRect();
|
||||
const mx = e.clientX - rect.left;
|
||||
const my = e.clientY - rect.top;
|
||||
this._tooltipX = mx;
|
||||
this._tooltipY = my;
|
||||
const ns = this._nodes;
|
||||
if (!ns) return;
|
||||
let found = -1;
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < ns.length; i++) {
|
||||
const a = ns[i], b = ns[(i + 1) % ns.length];
|
||||
if (this._nearSeg(mx, my, a, b)) { found = i; break; }
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (found !== this._hoverSeg) {
|
||||
this._hoverSeg = found;
|
||||
this._drawPv();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_nearSeg(mx, my, a, b) {
|
||||
const STEPS = 40, THRESH = 10;
|
||||
const phase = a.phase;
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i <= STEPS; i++) {
|
||||
const [x, y] = this._pvPoint(a, b, phase, i / STEPS);
|
||||
if (Math.hypot(x - mx, y - my) < THRESH) return true;
|
||||
}
|
||||
return false;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* ── piston animation ───────────────────────────── */
|
||||
|
||||
_initParticles(N) {
|
||||
this._particles = [];
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
|
||||
this._particles.push({
|
||||
x: Math.random(), y: Math.random(),
|
||||
vx: (Math.random() - 0.5), vy: (Math.random() - 0.5),
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_updateParticles() {
|
||||
const st = this._stateAt(this._t);
|
||||
const speedScale = st ? Math.sqrt(st.T / 300) * 0.012 : 0.008;
|
||||
for (const p of this._particles) {
|
||||
p.x += p.vx * speedScale;
|
||||
p.y += p.vy * speedScale;
|
||||
if (p.x < 0) { p.x = 0; p.vx = Math.abs(p.vx); }
|
||||
if (p.x > 1) { p.x = 1; p.vx = -Math.abs(p.vx); }
|
||||
if (p.y < 0) { p.y = 0; p.vy = Math.abs(p.vy); }
|
||||
if (p.y > 1) { p.y = 1; p.vy = -Math.abs(p.vy); }
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_drawPiston() {
|
||||
const ctx = this._pisCtx;
|
||||
const W = this._pis.offsetWidth || 300;
|
||||
const H = this._pis.offsetHeight || 300;
|
||||
if (!W || !H) return;
|
||||
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = '#0D0D1A';
|
||||
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, W, H);
|
||||
|
||||
const ns = this._nodes;
|
||||
if (!ns) return;
|
||||
|
||||
const st = this._stateAt(this._t) || { V: ns[0].V, T: ns[0].T, phase: ns[0].phase };
|
||||
|
||||
/* cylinder geometry */
|
||||
const cylX = W * 0.2, cylW = W * 0.6;
|
||||
const cylTop = H * 0.12, cylBot = H * 0.92;
|
||||
const cylH = cylBot - cylTop;
|
||||
|
||||
/* piston position from volume */
|
||||
const Vmin = Math.min(...ns.map(n => n.V));
|
||||
const Vmax = Math.max(...ns.map(n => n.V));
|
||||
const Vfrac = (st.V - Vmin) / (Vmax - Vmin || 1);
|
||||
const pistonY = cylTop + cylH * (1 - Vfrac); // bottom = max V, top = min V
|
||||
|
||||
/* heat source color indicator */
|
||||
const phase = st.phase;
|
||||
const isHot = phase === 'isotherm_hot' || phase === 'isochoric_hot' || phase === 'isobar_hot';
|
||||
const isCold = phase === 'isotherm_cold' || phase === 'isochoric_cold' || phase === 'isobar_cold';
|
||||
const isAdia = phase === 'adiabat_exp' || phase === 'adiabat_comp';
|
||||
|
||||
/* reservoir strip on left */
|
||||
const resW = W * 0.12;
|
||||
const resX = W * 0.05;
|
||||
if (isHot) {
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(239,71,111,0.25)';
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.roundRect(resX, cylTop, resW, cylH, 5);
|
||||
ctx.fill();
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = '#EF476F';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
|
||||
ctx.stroke();
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = '#EF476F';
|
||||
ctx.font = 'bold 9px Manrope, system-ui, sans-serif';
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
|
||||
ctx.fillText('Tгор', resX + resW / 2, cylTop + 14);
|
||||
/* heat flow arrows */
|
||||
this._drawHeatArrows(ctx, resX + resW, pistonY, cylX, '#EF476F', true);
|
||||
} else if (isCold) {
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(6,214,224,0.18)';
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.roundRect(resX, cylTop, resW, cylH, 5);
|
||||
ctx.fill();
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = '#06D6E0';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
|
||||
ctx.stroke();
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = '#06D6E0';
|
||||
ctx.font = 'bold 9px Manrope, system-ui, sans-serif';
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
|
||||
ctx.fillText('Tхол', resX + resW / 2, cylTop + 14);
|
||||
this._drawHeatArrows(ctx, cylX, pistonY, resX + resW, '#06D6E0', false);
|
||||
} else if (isAdia) {
|
||||
/* insulation hatching */
|
||||
ctx.save();
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,200,0,0.35)';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 1;
|
||||
ctx.setLineDash([4, 4]);
|
||||
for (let y = cylTop; y < cylBot; y += 8) {
|
||||
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(resX, y); ctx.lineTo(resX + resW, y); ctx.stroke();
|
||||
}
|
||||
ctx.setLineDash([]);
|
||||
ctx.restore();
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,200,0,0.4)';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.roundRect(resX, cylTop, resW, cylH, 5);
|
||||
ctx.stroke();
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,200,0,0.7)';
|
||||
ctx.font = 'bold 8px Manrope, system-ui, sans-serif';
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
|
||||
ctx.fillText('Q=0', resX + resW / 2, cylTop + 14);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* cylinder walls */
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(200,200,220,0.5)';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 2.5;
|
||||
ctx.setLineDash([]);
|
||||
/* left wall */
|
||||
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(cylX, cylTop); ctx.lineTo(cylX, cylBot); ctx.stroke();
|
||||
/* right wall */
|
||||
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(cylX + cylW, cylTop); ctx.lineTo(cylX + cylW, cylBot); ctx.stroke();
|
||||
/* bottom */
|
||||
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(cylX, cylBot); ctx.lineTo(cylX + cylW, cylBot); ctx.stroke();
|
||||
|
||||
/* gas region */
|
||||
const gasGrad = ctx.createLinearGradient(cylX, pistonY, cylX, cylBot);
|
||||
const hotness = Math.min(1, (st.T - this.Tc) / Math.max(1, this.Th - this.Tc));
|
||||
const r = Math.round(13 + hotness * 220);
|
||||
const g = Math.round(13 + (1 - hotness) * 100);
|
||||
const b = Math.round(26 + (1 - hotness) * 180);
|
||||
gasGrad.addColorStop(0, `rgba(${r},${g},${b},0.12)`);
|
||||
gasGrad.addColorStop(1, `rgba(${r},${g},${b},0.28)`);
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = gasGrad;
|
||||
ctx.fillRect(cylX, pistonY, cylW, cylBot - pistonY);
|
||||
|
||||
/* particles */
|
||||
const gasH = cylBot - pistonY;
|
||||
for (const p of this._particles) {
|
||||
const px = cylX + p.x * cylW;
|
||||
const py = pistonY + p.y * gasH;
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.arc(px, py, 2.5, 0, Math.PI * 2);
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = `rgb(${r},${g},${b})`;
|
||||
ctx.globalAlpha = 0.7;
|
||||
ctx.fill();
|
||||
ctx.globalAlpha = 1;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* piston */
|
||||
const pisH = Math.max(12, H * 0.05);
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(100,120,180,0.85)';
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(160,180,255,0.7)';
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.roundRect(cylX + 2, pistonY - pisH, cylW - 4, pisH, 4);
|
||||
ctx.fill(); ctx.stroke();
|
||||
|
||||
/* piston rod */
|
||||
const rodW = cylW * 0.1;
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(130,140,200,0.7)';
|
||||
ctx.fillRect(cylX + cylW / 2 - rodW / 2, cylTop, rodW, pistonY - pisH - cylTop);
|
||||
|
||||
/* labels */
|
||||
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,0.65)';
|
||||
ctx.font = '10px Manrope, system-ui, sans-serif';
|
||||
ctx.textAlign = 'center';
|
||||
ctx.fillText('T = ' + Math.round(st.T) + ' K', W * 0.75, cylTop + 16);
|
||||
ctx.fillText('V = ' + this._fmtSci(st.V) + ' m³', W * 0.75, cylTop + 30);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
_drawHeatArrows(ctx, x0, y0, x1, col, rightward) {
|
||||
const N = 3;
|
||||
ctx.save();
|
||||
ctx.strokeStyle = col;
|
||||
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
|
||||
ctx.globalAlpha = 0.7;
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
|
||||
const yo = y0 - 15 + i * 15;
|
||||
const dx = rightward ? 8 : -8;
|
||||
ctx.beginPath();
|
||||
ctx.moveTo(x0, yo);
|
||||
ctx.lineTo(x1, yo);
|
||||
/* arrowhead */
|
||||
const ax = x1, ay = yo;
|
||||
ctx.moveTo(ax, ay);
|
||||
ctx.lineTo(ax - dx, ay - 4);
|
||||
ctx.moveTo(ax, ay);
|
||||
ctx.lineTo(ax - dx, ay + 4);
|
||||
ctx.stroke();
|
||||
}
|
||||
ctx.restore();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* ── util ────────────────────────────────────────── */
|
||||
|
||||
_fmtSci(v) {
|
||||
if (Math.abs(v) >= 1e4 || (Math.abs(v) < 0.01 && v !== 0)) {
|
||||
return v.toExponential(1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (Math.abs(v) >= 1000) return Math.round(v).toString();
|
||||
if (Math.abs(v) >= 10) return v.toFixed(1);
|
||||
return v.toFixed(3);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* ─── lab UI init ─────────────────────────────────── */
|
||||
var heSim = null;
|
||||
|
||||
function _openHeatEngine() {
|
||||
document.getElementById('sim-topbar-title').textContent = 'Тепловые двигатели';
|
||||
_simShow('sim-heatengine');
|
||||
|
||||
requestAnimationFrame(() => requestAnimationFrame(() => {
|
||||
if (!heSim) {
|
||||
heSim = new HeatEngineSim(
|
||||
document.getElementById('he-pv-canvas'),
|
||||
document.getElementById('he-piston-canvas')
|
||||
);
|
||||
heSim.onStats = _heUpdateUI;
|
||||
}
|
||||
heSim.fit();
|
||||
heSim._recompute();
|
||||
}));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function heSetCycle(type, el) {
|
||||
document.querySelectorAll('.he-cycle-btn').forEach(b => b.classList.remove('active'));
|
||||
if (el) el.classList.add('active');
|
||||
/* show/hide CR slider */
|
||||
const crRow = document.getElementById('he-cr-row');
|
||||
if (crRow) crRow.style.display = (type === 'carnot') ? 'none' : '';
|
||||
if (heSim) heSim.setCycle(type);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function heParam(name, val) {
|
||||
const v = parseFloat(val);
|
||||
if (name === 'Th') {
|
||||
document.getElementById('he-th-val').textContent = Math.round(v);
|
||||
if (heSim) heSim.setTh(v);
|
||||
} else if (name === 'Tc') {
|
||||
document.getElementById('he-tc-val').textContent = Math.round(v);
|
||||
if (heSim) heSim.setTc(v);
|
||||
} else if (name === 'cr') {
|
||||
document.getElementById('he-cr-val').textContent = Math.round(v);
|
||||
if (heSim) heSim.setCR(v);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
function heStart() { if (heSim) heSim.start(); }
|
||||
function hePause() { if (heSim) heSim.pause(); }
|
||||
function heStep() { if (heSim) heSim.step(); }
|
||||
function heReset() { if (heSim) heSim.reset(); }
|
||||
|
||||
function _heUpdateUI(s) {
|
||||
const v = (id, val) => { const el = document.getElementById(id); if (el) el.textContent = val; };
|
||||
v('hebar-th', s.Th + ' K');
|
||||
v('hebar-tc', s.Tc + ' K');
|
||||
v('hebar-eta', s.eta + '%');
|
||||
v('hebar-qh', s.Qh + ' Дж');
|
||||
v('hebar-qc', s.Qc + ' Дж');
|
||||
v('hebar-w', s.W + ' Дж');
|
||||
}
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user