feat(automations): weekday + timezone scheduling for time-of-day rule

Extend the time-of-day condition from a bare server-local HH:MM window to a real
schedule: pick which weekdays it is active (0=Mon..6=Sun, empty = every day) and
an optional IANA timezone (empty = server local). Closes the parity gap where
even a $5 WLED chip has weekday timers.

- Overnight windows (start > end) count toward the day they START on, so the
  after-midnight tail is matched against the previous weekday.
- Timezones are resolved via zoneinfo, cached, and fall back to server-local
  with a one-time warning on an invalid name (the ~1Hz tick never log-spams).
- Backward compatible: new fields default to all-days / server-local, so
  existing automations are unchanged (no migration).
- Frontend: weekday chips + timezone input on the rule editor, day/timezone in
  the rule summary, styles + i18n (en/ru/zh).

10 unit tests (weekday filter, overnight start-day semantics, tz fallback,
round-trip, invalid-day filtering); full suite green (1936 passed).
(Geographic sunrise/sunset triggers are a natural follow-up — the daylight
value source already has the solar math to reuse.)

server/src/ledgrab/api/routes/automations.py

@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ def _rule_from_schema(s: RuleSchema) -> Rule:
         "time_of_day": lambda: TimeOfDayRule(
             start_time=s.start_time or "00:00",
             end_time=s.end_time or "23:59",
+            days_of_week=s.days_of_week or [],
+            timezone=s.timezone or "",
         ),
         "system_idle": lambda: SystemIdleRule(
             idle_minutes=s.idle_minutes if s.idle_minutes is not None else 5,

server/src/ledgrab/api/routes/output_targets.py

@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ def _led_target_to_response(target: WledOutputTarget) -> LedOutputTargetResponse
         min_brightness_threshold=target.min_brightness_threshold.to_dict(),
         adaptive_fps=target.adaptive_fps,
         protocol=target.protocol,
+        max_milliamps=target.max_milliamps,
+        milliamps_per_led=target.milliamps_per_led,
         description=target.description,
         tags=target.tags,
         icon=getattr(target, "icon", "") or "",
@@ -302,6 +304,8 @@ async def create_target(
                     min_brightness_threshold=data.min_brightness_threshold,
                     adaptive_fps=data.adaptive_fps,
                     protocol=data.protocol,
+                    max_milliamps=data.max_milliamps,
+                    milliamps_per_led=data.milliamps_per_led,
                 )
             case HALightOutputTargetCreate():
                 if data.source_kind == "color_vs":
@@ -464,6 +468,8 @@ async def update_target(
                     min_brightness_threshold=data.min_brightness_threshold,
                     adaptive_fps=data.adaptive_fps,
                     protocol=data.protocol,
+                    max_milliamps=data.max_milliamps,
+                    milliamps_per_led=data.milliamps_per_led,
                 )
                 css_changed = data.color_strip_source_id is not None
                 brightness_changed = data.brightness is not None
@@ -476,6 +482,8 @@ async def update_target(
                         data.min_brightness_threshold,
                         data.adaptive_fps,
                         data.brightness,
+                        data.max_milliamps,
+                        data.milliamps_per_led,
                     )
                 )
                 device_changed = data.device_id is not None

server/src/ledgrab/api/routes/postprocessing.py

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ def _pp_template_to_response(t) -> PostprocessingTemplateResponse:
         tags=t.tags,
         icon=getattr(t, "icon", "") or "",
         icon_color=getattr(t, "icon_color", "") or "",
+        is_builtin=getattr(t, "is_builtin", False),
     )
 
 

server/src/ledgrab/api/schemas/automations.py

@@ -30,6 +30,14 @@ class RuleSchema(BaseModel):
     # Time-of-day rule fields
     start_time: str | None = Field(None, description="Start time HH:MM (for time_of_day rule)")
     end_time: str | None = Field(None, description="End time HH:MM (for time_of_day rule)")
+    days_of_week: list[int] | None = Field(
+        None,
+        description="Active weekdays for time_of_day rule (0=Mon..6=Sun). Empty/null = every day.",
+    )
+    timezone: str | None = Field(
+        None,
+        description="IANA timezone for time_of_day rule (e.g. 'Europe/Berlin'). Empty = server local.",
+    )
     # System idle rule fields
     idle_minutes: int | None = Field(
         None, description="Idle timeout in minutes (for system_idle rule)"

server/src/ledgrab/api/schemas/output_targets.py

@@ -91,7 +91,11 @@ class LedOutputTargetResponse(_OutputTargetResponseBase):
     adaptive_fps: bool = Field(
         default=False, description="Auto-reduce FPS when device is unresponsive"
     )
-    protocol: str = Field(default="ddp", description="Send protocol (ddp or http)")
+    protocol: str = Field(default="ddp", description="Send protocol (ddp, udp, or http)")
+    max_milliamps: int = Field(
+        default=0, description="ABL: PSU current budget in mA (0 = unlimited)"
+    )
+    milliamps_per_led: int = Field(default=55, description="ABL: full-white draw of one LED in mA")
 
 
 class HALightOutputTargetResponse(_OutputTargetResponseBase):
@@ -233,8 +237,20 @@ class LedOutputTargetCreate(_OutputTargetCreateBase):
     )
     protocol: str = Field(
         default="ddp",
-        pattern="^(ddp|http)$",
-        description="Send protocol: ddp (UDP) or http (JSON API)",
+        pattern="^(ddp|http|udp)$",
+        description="Send protocol: ddp (DDP/UDP), udp (WLED native realtime UDP), or http (JSON API)",
+    )
+    max_milliamps: int = Field(
+        default=0,
+        ge=0,
+        le=200000,
+        description="Automatic brightness limiting: PSU current budget in mA (0 = unlimited)",
+    )
+    milliamps_per_led: int = Field(
+        default=55,
+        ge=1,
+        le=200,
+        description="ABL: estimated full-white draw of a single LED, in mA",
     )
 
 
@@ -370,7 +386,15 @@ class LedOutputTargetUpdate(_OutputTargetUpdateBase):
         None, description="Auto-reduce FPS when device is unresponsive"
     )
     protocol: str | None = Field(
-        None, pattern="^(ddp|http)$", description="Send protocol: ddp (UDP) or http (JSON API)"
+        None,
+        pattern="^(ddp|http|udp)$",
+        description="Send protocol: ddp (DDP/UDP), udp (WLED native realtime UDP), or http (JSON API)",
+    )
+    max_milliamps: int | None = Field(
+        None, ge=0, le=200000, description="ABL: PSU current budget in mA (0 = unlimited)"
+    )
+    milliamps_per_led: int | None = Field(
+        None, ge=1, le=200, description="ABL: full-white draw of one LED in mA"
     )
 
 

server/src/ledgrab/api/schemas/postprocessing.py

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ class PostprocessingTemplateResponse(BaseModel):
         max_length=32,
         description="Optional CSS color override for the icon. Empty/null inherits the channel accent.",
     )
+    is_builtin: bool = Field(default=False, description="True for read-only curated 'look' presets")
 
 
 class PostprocessingTemplateListResponse(BaseModel):

server/src/ledgrab/core/automations/automation_engine.py

@@ -26,6 +26,33 @@ from ledgrab.utils import get_logger
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
+# Cache resolved IANA timezones (and remember invalid names) so the ~1 Hz
+# automation tick neither re-parses tzdata nor log-spams on a bad name.
+_TZ_CACHE: Dict[str, object] = {}
+_TZ_WARNED: set = set()
+
+
+def _now_in_tz(tz_name: str) -> datetime:
+    """Current local time, in ``tz_name`` (IANA) if given, else the server's."""
+    if not tz_name:
+        return datetime.now()
+    tz = _TZ_CACHE.get(tz_name)
+    if tz is None:
+        try:
+            from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
+
+            tz = ZoneInfo(tz_name)
+            _TZ_CACHE[tz_name] = tz
+        except Exception:
+            if tz_name not in _TZ_WARNED:
+                _TZ_WARNED.add(tz_name)
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Invalid timezone %r for time-of-day rule; using server local time",
+                    tz_name,
+                )
+            return datetime.now()
+    return datetime.now(tz)
+
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class _RuleEvalContext:
@@ -519,16 +546,26 @@ class AutomationEngine:
 
     @staticmethod
     def _evaluate_time_of_day(rule: TimeOfDayRule) -> bool:
-        now = datetime.now()
+        now = _now_in_tz(rule.timezone)
         current = now.hour * 60 + now.minute
         parts_s = rule.start_time.split(":")
         parts_e = rule.end_time.split(":")
         start = int(parts_s[0]) * 60 + int(parts_s[1])
         end = int(parts_e[0]) * 60 + int(parts_e[1])
+        days = rule.days_of_week
+
         if start <= end:
-            return start <= current <= end
-        # Overnight range (e.g. 22:00 → 06:00)
-        return current >= start or current <= end
+            if not (start <= current <= end):
+                return False
+            return not days or now.weekday() in days
+
+        # Overnight range (e.g. 22:00 → 06:00): the window belongs to its
+        # START day, so the after-midnight tail is matched against yesterday.
+        if current >= start:  # evening portion — today's window
+            return not days or now.weekday() in days
+        if current <= end:  # early-morning portion — yesterday's window
+            return not days or ((now.weekday() - 1) % 7) in days
+        return False
 
     @staticmethod
     def _evaluate_idle(rule: SystemIdleRule, idle_seconds: float | None) -> bool:

server/src/ledgrab/core/devices/device_config.py

@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ class BaseDeviceConfig:
 class WLEDConfig(BaseDeviceConfig):
     device_type: Literal["wled"] = "wled"
     use_ddp: bool = False
+    # WLED native realtime UDP (port 21324) — mutually exclusive with use_ddp.
+    # realtime_timeout = seconds WLED stays in realtime after the last packet
+    # before reverting to its normal effect/preset (graceful auto-revert).
+    use_realtime: bool = False
+    realtime_timeout: int = 2
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)

server/src/ledgrab/core/devices/wled_client.py

@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ class WLEDClient(LEDClient):
         retry_attempts: int = 3,
         retry_delay: int = 1,
         use_ddp: bool = False,
+        use_realtime: bool = False,
+        realtime_timeout: int = 2,
     ):
         """Initialize WLED client.
 
@@ -95,12 +97,17 @@ class WLEDClient(LEDClient):
             retry_attempts: Number of retry attempts on failure
             retry_delay: Delay between retries in seconds
             use_ddp: Force DDP protocol (auto-enabled for >500 LEDs)
+            use_realtime: Use WLED native realtime UDP (port 21324) instead of DDP
+            realtime_timeout: Seconds WLED stays in realtime after the last packet
+                before reverting to its normal effect/preset (1-255)
         """
         self.url = url.rstrip("/")
         self.timeout = timeout
         self.retry_attempts = retry_attempts
         self.retry_delay = retry_delay
         self.use_ddp = use_ddp
+        self.use_realtime = use_realtime
+        self.realtime_timeout = realtime_timeout
 
         # Extract hostname/IP from URL for DDP
         parsed = urlparse(self.url)
@@ -108,6 +115,7 @@ class WLEDClient(LEDClient):
 
         self._client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None
         self._ddp_client: DDPClient | None = None
+        self._realtime_client = None  # WledRealtimeClient when use_realtime
         self._connected = False
         self._pre_connect_state: dict | None = None
 
@@ -127,8 +135,9 @@ class WLEDClient(LEDClient):
             # Test connection by getting device info
             info = await self.get_info()
 
-            # Auto-enable DDP for large LED counts
-            if info.led_count > self.HTTP_MAX_LEDS and not self.use_ddp:
+            # Auto-enable DDP for large LED counts (unless the user explicitly
+            # chose native realtime UDP, which handles any size via DNRGB).
+            if info.led_count > self.HTTP_MAX_LEDS and not self.use_ddp and not self.use_realtime:
                 logger.info(
                     f"Device has {info.led_count} LEDs (>{self.HTTP_MAX_LEDS}), "
                     "auto-enabling DDP protocol"
@@ -138,8 +147,30 @@ class WLEDClient(LEDClient):
             # Snapshot device state BEFORE any mutations (for auto-restore)
             self._pre_connect_state = await self.snapshot_device_state()
 
+            # Create WLED native realtime UDP client if selected
+            if self.use_realtime:
+                from ledgrab.core.devices.wled_realtime_client import WledRealtimeClient
+
+                self._realtime_client = WledRealtimeClient(
+                    self.host, rgbw=info.rgbw, timeout_secs=self.realtime_timeout
+                )
+                await self._realtime_client.connect()
+                try:
+                    await self._request(
+                        "POST",
+                        "/json/state",
+                        json_data={"on": True, "lor": 0, "AudioReactive": {"on": False}},
+                    )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(f"Could not configure device for realtime UDP: {e}")
+                logger.info(
+                    "WLED native realtime UDP enabled (port 21324, %ds timeout, %s)",
+                    self.realtime_timeout,
+                    "RGBW" if info.rgbw else "RGB",
+                )
+
             # Create DDP client if needed
-            if self.use_ddp:
+            elif self.use_ddp:
                 self._ddp_client = DDPClient(self.host, rgbw=False)
                 # Pass per-bus config so DDP client can apply per-bus color reordering
                 if info.buses:
@@ -191,6 +222,9 @@ class WLEDClient(LEDClient):
         if self._ddp_client:
             await self._ddp_client.close()
             self._ddp_client = None
+        if self._realtime_client:
+            await self._realtime_client.close()
+            self._realtime_client = None
         self._connected = False
         logger.debug(f"Closed connection to {self.url}")
 
@@ -201,8 +235,10 @@ class WLEDClient(LEDClient):
 
     @property
     def supports_fast_send(self) -> bool:
-        """True when DDP is active and ready for fire-and-forget sends."""
-        return self.use_ddp and self._ddp_client is not None
+        """True when DDP or native realtime UDP is active (fire-and-forget)."""
+        return (self.use_ddp and self._ddp_client is not None) or (
+            self.use_realtime and self._realtime_client is not None
+        )
 
     async def _request(
         self,
@@ -384,7 +420,10 @@ class WLEDClient(LEDClient):
                 raise ValueError(f"Invalid RGB values at index {idx}: {tuple(pixel_arr[idx])}")
         validated_pixels = pixel_arr.astype(np.uint8) if pixel_arr.dtype != np.uint8 else pixel_arr
 
-        # Use DDP protocol if enabled
+        # Native realtime UDP takes precedence, then DDP, then HTTP
+        if self.use_realtime and self._realtime_client:
+            self._realtime_client.send_pixels_numpy(validated_pixels)
+            return True
         if self.use_ddp and self._ddp_client:
             return await self._send_pixels_ddp(validated_pixels, brightness)
         else:
@@ -485,8 +524,10 @@ class WLEDClient(LEDClient):
             pixels: numpy array (N, 3) uint8 or list of (R, G, B) tuples
             brightness: Global brightness (0-255)
         """
-        if not self.use_ddp or not self._ddp_client:
-            raise RuntimeError("send_pixels_fast requires DDP; use send_pixels for HTTP")
+        if not (self.use_ddp and self._ddp_client) and not (
+            self.use_realtime and self._realtime_client
+        ):
+            raise RuntimeError("send_pixels_fast requires DDP or realtime UDP; use send_pixels")
 
         if isinstance(pixels, np.ndarray):
             pixel_array = pixels
@@ -494,7 +535,10 @@ class WLEDClient(LEDClient):
             pixel_array = np.array(pixels, dtype=np.uint8)
 
         # Note: brightness already applied by processor loop (_cached_brightness)
-        self._ddp_client.send_pixels_numpy(pixel_array)
+        if self.use_realtime and self._realtime_client:
+            self._realtime_client.send_pixels_numpy(pixel_array)
+        else:
+            self._ddp_client.send_pixels_numpy(pixel_array)
 
     # ===== LEDClient abstraction methods =====
 

server/src/ledgrab/core/devices/wled_provider.py

@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ class WLEDDeviceProvider(LEDDeviceProvider):
         return WLEDClient(
             config.device_url,
             use_ddp=config.use_ddp,
+            use_realtime=config.use_realtime,
+            realtime_timeout=config.realtime_timeout,
         )
 
     async def check_health(self, url: str, http_client, prev_health=None) -> DeviceHealth:

server/src/ledgrab/core/devices/wled_realtime_client.py

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+"""WLED native realtime UDP client (port 21324).
+
+WLED exposes a family of "realtime" UDP protocols separate from DDP. Compared to
+the DDP path this gives three user-visible wins for the device LedGrab drives
+most:
+
+* **Auto-revert** — every packet carries a *timeout* byte. If LedGrab stops
+  streaming (host hiccup, sleep, crash), WLED returns to its normal effect /
+  preset after that many seconds instead of freezing on the last frame.
+* **Correct RGBW whites** — the DRGBW variant carries an explicit white channel,
+  so RGBW strips are driven correctly instead of leaving W uncontrolled.
+* **Lighter on weak Wi-Fi** — raw RGB with a 2-byte header, no DDP framing.
+
+Unlike the DDP path, WLED applies the configured per-bus color order itself in
+realtime mode, so this sender transmits plain RGB (no manual reordering) — the
+user's WLED colour-order setting just works.
+
+Packet layout (first byte selects the protocol)::
+
+    DRGB  (2): [2][timeout]                 + R G B   per LED   (<= 490 LEDs)
+    DRGBW (3): [3][timeout]                 + R G B W per LED   (<= 367 LEDs)
+    DNRGB (4): [4][timeout][start_hi][start_lo] + R G B per LED (chunked, 489/pkt)
+
+The ``timeout`` byte is in **seconds** (1-255). DNRGB carries a 16-bit start
+index so strips larger than one packet are sent as several chunks.
+
+Ref: https://kno.wled.ge/interfaces/udp-realtime/
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from ledgrab.utils import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+REALTIME_PORT = 21324
+
+# Protocol selector (first byte).
+_DRGB = 2
+_DRGBW = 3
+_DNRGB = 4
+
+# Per-protocol LED capacity (bounded by the ~1500-byte UDP payload).
+_MAX_DRGB = 490  # 2 + 490*3 = 1472
+_MAX_DRGBW = 367  # 2 + 367*4 = 1470
+_MAX_DNRGB_CHUNK = 489  # 4 + 489*3 = 1471
+
+# Default seconds WLED stays in realtime after the last packet before reverting.
+DEFAULT_REALTIME_TIMEOUT = 2
+
+
+def _clamp_timeout(seconds: int) -> int:
+    """Clamp the realtime timeout to the on-wire 1-255 range."""
+    return max(1, min(255, int(seconds)))
+
+
+class WledRealtimeClient:
+    """Fire-and-forget UDP sender for WLED native realtime protocols."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int = REALTIME_PORT,
+        rgbw: bool = False,
+        timeout_secs: int = DEFAULT_REALTIME_TIMEOUT,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+        self.rgbw = rgbw
+        self.timeout_secs = _clamp_timeout(timeout_secs)
+        self._transport: asyncio.DatagramTransport | None = None
+        self._protocol: asyncio.DatagramProtocol | None = None
+        # Reusable RGBW scratch (resized on demand) so the hot path doesn't
+        # allocate a fresh (N, 4) array per frame.
+        self._rgbw_buf: np.ndarray | None = None
+        self._rgbw_buf_n: int = 0
+
+    async def connect(self) -> bool:
+        """Open the UDP datagram endpoint to the device."""
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        self._transport, self._protocol = await loop.create_datagram_endpoint(
+            asyncio.DatagramProtocol, remote_addr=(self.host, self.port)
+        )
+        logger.info(
+            "WLED realtime client connected to %s:%d (timeout %ds, %s)",
+            self.host,
+            self.port,
+            self.timeout_secs,
+            "RGBW" if self.rgbw else "RGB",
+        )
+        return True
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the datagram endpoint."""
+        if self._transport is not None:
+            self._transport.close()
+            self._transport = None
+            self._protocol = None
+        logger.debug("Closed WLED realtime connection to %s:%d", self.host, self.port)
+
+    @property
+    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        return self._transport is not None
+
+    def _ensure_rgbw_buf(self, n: int) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Return an ``(n, 4)`` uint8 RGBW buffer with the white channel zeroed."""
+        if self._rgbw_buf is None or self._rgbw_buf_n != n:
+            self._rgbw_buf = np.zeros((n, 4), dtype=np.uint8)
+            self._rgbw_buf_n = n
+        return self._rgbw_buf
+
+    def build_packets(self, pixels: np.ndarray) -> list[bytes]:
+        """Build the realtime UDP packet(s) for one ``(N, 3)`` uint8 RGB frame.
+
+        Exposed (and pure) for unit testing the wire format. Picks DRGBW for
+        RGBW strips within range, DRGB for small RGB strips, otherwise DNRGB
+        chunks. The white channel is sent as 0 (colour comes from the RGB LEDs).
+        """
+        pixels = np.ascontiguousarray(pixels, dtype=np.uint8)
+        n = len(pixels)
+        t = self.timeout_secs
+        if n == 0:
+            return []
+
+        if self.rgbw and n <= _MAX_DRGBW:
+            buf = self._ensure_rgbw_buf(n)
+            buf[:, 0:3] = pixels
+            # white channel already zeroed and left at 0
+            return [bytes([_DRGBW, t]) + buf.tobytes()]
+
+        if n <= _MAX_DRGB and not self.rgbw:
+            return [bytes([_DRGB, t]) + pixels.tobytes()]
+
+        # DNRGB: 16-bit start index, chunked. Covers >490 RGB and >367 RGBW
+        # (the white channel is dropped for oversized RGBW strips).
+        packets: list[bytes] = []
+        for start in range(0, n, _MAX_DNRGB_CHUNK):
+            end = min(start + _MAX_DNRGB_CHUNK, n)
+            header = bytes([_DNRGB, t, (start >> 8) & 0xFF, start & 0xFF])
+            packets.append(header + pixels[start:end].tobytes())
+        return packets
+
+    def send_pixels_numpy(self, pixels: np.ndarray) -> bool:
+        """Send one frame of ``(N, 3)`` uint8 RGB pixels (fire-and-forget)."""
+        if self._transport is None:
+            return False
+        for packet in self.build_packets(pixels):
+            self._transport.sendto(packet)
+        return True

server/src/ledgrab/core/processing/power_limit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""Automatic brightness limiting (ABL) — keep a strip within a PSU current budget.
+
+Estimates the current an addressable LED strip would draw for a frame of
+already-brightness-scaled RGB bytes and, if it exceeds the configured budget,
+returns a uniform scale factor to bring it back under budget. This prevents the
+classic under-spec'd-PSU failure mode: a full-white scene browning out the rail
+(voltage sag -> red/orange shift, flicker, controller resets) — which reads to a
+new user as "this software is broken".
+
+Model: one addressable LED at full white ``(255, 255, 255)`` draws
+``milliamps_per_led`` mA, and current scales linearly with the sum of channel
+values, so a frame's draw is::
+
+    estimated_ma = sum(channel_bytes) * milliamps_per_led / (255 * 3)
+
+(``255 * 3 = 765`` channel-units == one LED at full white.) Standby/idle current
+is intentionally ignored: the limiter only needs to catch the high-draw frames
+that cause brownouts, and the default 55 mA/LED already carries real-world
+headroom. The same convention as WLED's "maximum current" setting.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import numpy as np
+
+# Channel units in one LED at full white (R + G + B = 255 * 3).
+_FULL_WHITE_UNITS = 765.0
+
+# Typical full-white draw of a single WS2812/SK6812-class LED, in mA.
+DEFAULT_MILLIAMPS_PER_LED = 55
+
+
+def estimate_current_ma(colors: np.ndarray, milliamps_per_led: int) -> float:
+    """Estimate strip draw (mA) for already-brightness-scaled RGB bytes.
+
+    ``colors`` is an ``(N, 3)`` uint8 array of the values actually sent to the
+    strip. Full white over ``N`` LEDs returns ``N * milliamps_per_led``.
+    """
+    if milliamps_per_led <= 0 or colors.size == 0:
+        return 0.0
+    channel_sum = float(int(colors.sum()))
+    return channel_sum * milliamps_per_led / _FULL_WHITE_UNITS
+
+
+def power_limit_scale(colors: np.ndarray, max_milliamps: int, milliamps_per_led: int) -> float:
+    """Return a scale in ``(0, 1]`` that keeps estimated draw within budget.
+
+    Returns ``1.0`` when limiting is disabled (``max_milliamps <= 0``) or the
+    frame is already within budget. Because current is linear in the channel
+    values, scaling every pixel by ``max_milliamps / estimated`` lands the frame
+    exactly on the budget.
+    """
+    if max_milliamps <= 0 or milliamps_per_led <= 0:
+        return 1.0
+    estimated = estimate_current_ma(colors, milliamps_per_led)
+    if estimated <= max_milliamps:
+        return 1.0
+    return max_milliamps / estimated

server/src/ledgrab/core/processing/processor_manager.py

@@ -407,6 +407,8 @@ class ProcessorManager(AutoRestartMixin, DeviceHealthMixin, DeviceTestModeMixin)
         min_brightness_threshold: int = 0,
         adaptive_fps: bool = False,
         protocol: str = "ddp",
+        max_milliamps: int = 0,
+        milliamps_per_led: int = 55,
     ):
         """Register a WLED target processor."""
         if target_id in self._processors:
@@ -425,6 +427,8 @@ class ProcessorManager(AutoRestartMixin, DeviceHealthMixin, DeviceTestModeMixin)
             min_brightness_threshold=min_brightness_threshold,
             adaptive_fps=adaptive_fps,
             protocol=protocol,
+            max_milliamps=max_milliamps,
+            milliamps_per_led=milliamps_per_led,
             ctx=self._build_context(),
         )
         self._processors[target_id] = proc

server/src/ledgrab/core/processing/wled_target_processor.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from ledgrab.core.devices.led_client import (
     get_device_capabilities,
 )
 from ledgrab.core.capture.screen_capture import get_available_displays
+from ledgrab.core.processing.power_limit import DEFAULT_MILLIAMPS_PER_LED, power_limit_scale
 from ledgrab.core.processing.target_processor import (
     ProcessingMetrics,
     TargetContext,
@@ -62,6 +63,8 @@ class WledTargetProcessor(TargetProcessor):
         min_brightness_threshold: int = 0,
         adaptive_fps: bool = False,
         protocol: str = "ddp",
+        max_milliamps: int = 0,
+        milliamps_per_led: int = 55,
         ctx: TargetContext = None,
     ):
         from ledgrab.storage.bindable import BindableFloat, bfloat
@@ -81,6 +84,13 @@ class WledTargetProcessor(TargetProcessor):
         self._min_brightness_threshold = int(bfloat(min_brightness_threshold, 0.0))
         self._adaptive_fps = adaptive_fps
         self._protocol = protocol
+        # Automatic brightness limiting (ABL). 0 mA budget = disabled.
+        self._max_milliamps = max(0, int(max_milliamps or 0))
+        self._milliamps_per_led = max(1, int(milliamps_per_led or DEFAULT_MILLIAMPS_PER_LED))
+        # Reusable scratch for in-place power scaling (allocated on first use).
+        self._power_u16: np.ndarray | None = None
+        self._power_out: np.ndarray | None = None
+        self._power_n = 0
 
         # Adaptive FPS / liveness probe runtime state
         self._effective_fps: int = self._target_fps
@@ -146,9 +156,15 @@ class WledTargetProcessor(TargetProcessor):
         from ledgrab.core.devices.device_config import WLEDConfig as _WLEDConfig
 
         config = _dev.to_config()
-        # use_ddp is a target-derived protocol setting — override on WLEDConfig
+        # The target's protocol selects how we drive a WLED device:
+        #   "ddp"  -> DDP UDP (4048)   "udp" -> WLED native realtime UDP (21324)
+        #   "http" -> JSON API         (use_ddp and use_realtime are exclusive)
         if isinstance(config, _WLEDConfig):
-            config = _replace(config, use_ddp=(self._protocol == "ddp"))
+            config = _replace(
+                config,
+                use_ddp=(self._protocol == "ddp"),
+                use_realtime=(self._protocol == "udp"),
+            )
         self._device_config = config
 
         # Connect to LED device
@@ -313,6 +329,12 @@ class WledTargetProcessor(TargetProcessor):
                 self._adaptive_fps = settings["adaptive_fps"]
                 if not self._adaptive_fps:
                     self._effective_fps = self._target_fps
+            if "max_milliamps" in settings:
+                self._max_milliamps = max(0, int(settings["max_milliamps"] or 0))
+            if "milliamps_per_led" in settings:
+                self._milliamps_per_led = max(
+                    1, int(settings["milliamps_per_led"] or DEFAULT_MILLIAMPS_PER_LED)
+                )
         logger.info(f"Updated settings for target {self._target_id}")
 
     def update_device(self, device_id: str) -> None:
@@ -787,8 +809,33 @@ class WledTargetProcessor(TargetProcessor):
         np.copyto(out, blend, casting="unsafe")  # float32 → uint8
         return out
 
+    def _apply_power_limit(self, colors: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Scale ``colors`` down to stay within the PSU current budget (ABL).
+
+        Returns ``colors`` unchanged when limiting is disabled or the frame is
+        already within budget; otherwise returns a scaled copy in a reusable
+        scratch buffer (the input is never mutated — it may be a shared frame).
+        """
+        if self._max_milliamps <= 0:
+            return colors
+        scale = power_limit_scale(colors, self._max_milliamps, self._milliamps_per_led)
+        if scale >= 1.0:
+            return colors
+        factor = int(scale * 256)  # 0..255 fixed-point multiplier
+        n = len(colors)
+        if self._power_u16 is None or self._power_n != n:
+            self._power_n = n
+            self._power_u16 = np.empty((n, 3), dtype=np.uint16)
+            self._power_out = np.empty((n, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
+        np.copyto(self._power_u16, colors, casting="unsafe")
+        self._power_u16 *= factor
+        self._power_u16 >>= 8
+        np.copyto(self._power_out, self._power_u16, casting="unsafe")
+        return self._power_out
+
     async def _send_to_device(self, send_colors: np.ndarray) -> float:
         """Send colors to LED device and return send time in ms."""
+        send_colors = self._apply_power_limit(send_colors)
         t_start = time.perf_counter()
         if self._led_client.supports_fast_send:
             self._led_client.send_pixels_fast(send_colors)

server/src/ledgrab/static/css/automations.css

@@ -152,6 +152,50 @@
     border-left: 1px solid var(--border-color);
 }
 
+/* Weekday + timezone scheduling (time_of_day rule) */
+.rule-weekday-block,
+.rule-tz-block {
+    margin-top: 12px;
+}
+.rule-field-label {
+    display: block;
+    font-size: 0.65rem;
+    font-weight: 700;
+    text-transform: uppercase;
+    letter-spacing: 0.06em;
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+    margin-bottom: 6px;
+}
+.weekday-chips {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-wrap: wrap;
+    gap: 6px;
+}
+.weekday-chip {
+    flex: 1 1 auto;
+    min-width: 40px;
+    padding: 6px 8px;
+    font-size: 0.75rem;
+    font-weight: 600;
+    border: 1px solid var(--border-color);
+    border-radius: 6px;
+    background: var(--card-bg);
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+    cursor: pointer;
+    transition: background 0.12s, color 0.12s, border-color 0.12s;
+}
+.weekday-chip:hover {
+    border-color: var(--primary-color);
+}
+.weekday-chip.active {
+    background: var(--primary-color);
+    border-color: var(--primary-color);
+    color: #fff;
+}
+.rule-tz-block input.rule-timezone {
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
 .time-range-label {
     font-size: 0.65rem;
     font-weight: 700;

server/src/ledgrab/static/js/features/automations.ts

@@ -340,11 +340,15 @@ const RULE_CHIP_RENDERERS: Record<RuleType, RuleChipBuilder> = {
         const matchLabel = t('automations.rule.application.match_type.' + (c.match_type || 'running'));
         return { icon: _icon(P.smartphone), text: `${apps} (${matchLabel})`, title: t('automations.rule.application') };
     },
-    time_of_day: (c) => ({
-        icon: ICON_CLOCK,
-        text: `${c.start_time || '00:00'} – ${c.end_time || '23:59'}`,
-        title: t('automations.rule.time_of_day'),
-    }),
+    time_of_day: (c) => {
+        const days: number[] = Array.isArray(c.days_of_week) ? c.days_of_week : [];
+        let text = `${c.start_time || '00:00'} – ${c.end_time || '23:59'}`;
+        if (days.length && days.length < 7) {
+            text += ` · ${[...days].sort((a, b) => a - b).map((d) => t('weekday.short.' + d)).join(' ')}`;
+        }
+        if (c.timezone) text += ` · ${c.timezone}`;
+        return { icon: ICON_CLOCK, text, title: t('automations.rule.time_of_day') };
+    },
     system_idle: (c) => {
         const mode = c.when_idle !== false ? t('automations.rule.system_idle.when_idle') : t('automations.rule.system_idle.when_active');
         return { icon: ICON_TIMER, text: `${c.idle_minutes || 5}m (${mode})`, title: t('automations.rule.system_idle') };
@@ -878,6 +882,11 @@ function _renderTimeOfDayFields(container: HTMLElement, data: any): void {
     const [sh, sm] = startTime.split(':').map(Number);
     const [eh, em] = endTime.split(':').map(Number);
     const pad = (n: number) => String(n).padStart(2, '0');
+    const days: number[] = Array.isArray(data.days_of_week) ? data.days_of_week : [];
+    const tz: string = data.timezone || '';
+    const dayChips = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+        .map((d) => `<button type="button" class="weekday-chip${days.includes(d) ? ' active' : ''}" data-day="${d}">${t('weekday.short.' + d)}</button>`)
+        .join('');
     container.innerHTML = `
         <div class="rule-fields">
             <input type="hidden" class="rule-start-time" value="${startTime}">
@@ -901,9 +910,21 @@ function _renderTimeOfDayFields(container: HTMLElement, data: any): void {
                     </div>
                 </div>
             </div>
+            <div class="rule-weekday-block">
+                <span class="rule-field-label">${t('automations.rule.time_of_day.days')}</span>
+                <div class="weekday-chips">${dayChips}</div>
+                <small class="rule-hint-desc">${t('automations.rule.time_of_day.days_hint')}</small>
+            </div>
+            <div class="rule-tz-block">
+                <label class="rule-field-label">${t('automations.rule.time_of_day.timezone')}</label>
+                <input type="text" class="rule-timezone" placeholder="${t('automations.rule.time_of_day.timezone.placeholder')}" value="${tz}">
+            </div>
             <small class="rule-hint-desc">${t('automations.rule.time_of_day.overnight_hint')}</small>
         </div>`;
     _wireTimeRangePicker(container);
+    container.querySelectorAll('.weekday-chip').forEach((chip) => {
+        chip.addEventListener('click', () => chip.classList.toggle('active'));
+    });
 }
 
 function _renderSystemIdleFields(container: HTMLElement, data: any): void {
@@ -1314,6 +1335,9 @@ const RULE_COLLECTORS: Record<RuleType, RuleCollector> = {
         rule_type: 'time_of_day',
         start_time: (row.querySelector('.rule-start-time') as HTMLInputElement).value || '00:00',
         end_time: (row.querySelector('.rule-end-time') as HTMLInputElement).value || '23:59',
+        days_of_week: Array.from(row.querySelectorAll('.weekday-chip.active'))
+            .map((el) => parseInt((el as HTMLElement).dataset.day || '0', 10)),
+        timezone: ((row.querySelector('.rule-timezone') as HTMLInputElement)?.value || '').trim(),
     }),
     system_idle: (row) => ({
         rule_type: 'system_idle',

server/src/ledgrab/static/js/features/targets.ts

@@ -171,6 +171,8 @@ class TargetEditorModal extends Modal {
             fps: _fpsWidget ? JSON.stringify(_fpsWidget.getValue()) : '30',
             keepalive_interval: (document.getElementById('target-editor-keepalive-interval') as HTMLInputElement).value,
             adaptive_fps: (document.getElementById('target-editor-adaptive-fps') as HTMLInputElement).checked,
+            max_milliamps: (document.getElementById('target-editor-max-milliamps') as HTMLInputElement).value,
+            milliamps_per_led: (document.getElementById('target-editor-ma-per-led') as HTMLInputElement).value,
             tags: JSON.stringify(_targetTagsInput ? _targetTagsInput.getValue() : []),
         };
     }
@@ -181,8 +183,13 @@ const targetEditorModal = new TargetEditorModal();
 function _protocolBadge(device: any, target: any) {
     const dt = device?.device_type;
     if (!dt || dt === 'wled') {
-        const proto = target.protocol === 'http' ? 'HTTP' : 'DDP';
-        return `${target.protocol === 'http' ? ICON_GLOBE : ICON_RADIO} ${proto}`;
+        const wledMap: Record<string, [string, string]> = {
+            http: [ICON_GLOBE, 'HTTP'],
+            udp: [ICON_RADIO, 'WLED UDP'],
+            ddp: [ICON_RADIO, 'DDP'],
+        };
+        const [icon, label] = wledMap[target.protocol] || wledMap.ddp;
+        return `${icon} ${label}`;
     }
     const map = {
         openrgb:  [ICON_PALETTE, 'OpenRGB SDK'],
@@ -311,10 +318,11 @@ function _ensureProtocolIconSelect() {
     if (!sel) return;
     const items = [
         { value: 'ddp',  icon: _pIcon(P.radio), label: t('targets.protocol.ddp'),  desc: t('targets.protocol.ddp.desc') },
+        { value: 'udp',  icon: _pIcon(P.radio), label: t('targets.protocol.udp'),  desc: t('targets.protocol.udp.desc') },
         { value: 'http', icon: _pIcon(P.globe), label: t('targets.protocol.http'), desc: t('targets.protocol.http.desc') },
     ];
     if (_protocolIconSelect) { _protocolIconSelect.updateItems(items); return; }
-    _protocolIconSelect = new IconSelect({ target: sel as HTMLSelectElement, items, columns: 2 });
+    _protocolIconSelect = new IconSelect({ target: sel as HTMLSelectElement, items, columns: 3 });
 }
 
 function _ensureBrightnessWidget(): BindableScalarWidget {
@@ -401,6 +409,8 @@ export async function showTargetEditor(targetId: string | null = null, cloneData
 
             (document.getElementById('target-editor-adaptive-fps') as HTMLInputElement).checked = target.adaptive_fps ?? false;
             (document.getElementById('target-editor-protocol') as HTMLSelectElement).value = target.protocol || 'ddp';
+            (document.getElementById('target-editor-max-milliamps') as HTMLInputElement).value = String(target.max_milliamps ?? 0);
+            (document.getElementById('target-editor-ma-per-led') as HTMLInputElement).value = String(target.milliamps_per_led ?? 55);
 
             _populateCssDropdown(target.color_strip_source_id || '');
             _ensureBrightnessWidget().setValue(target.brightness ?? 1.0);
@@ -419,6 +429,8 @@ export async function showTargetEditor(targetId: string | null = null, cloneData
 
             (document.getElementById('target-editor-adaptive-fps') as HTMLInputElement).checked = cloneData.adaptive_fps ?? false;
             (document.getElementById('target-editor-protocol') as HTMLSelectElement).value = cloneData.protocol || 'ddp';
+            (document.getElementById('target-editor-max-milliamps') as HTMLInputElement).value = String(cloneData.max_milliamps ?? 0);
+            (document.getElementById('target-editor-ma-per-led') as HTMLInputElement).value = String(cloneData.milliamps_per_led ?? 55);
 
             _populateCssDropdown(cloneData.color_strip_source_id || '');
             _ensureBrightnessWidget().setValue(cloneData.brightness ?? 1.0);
@@ -435,6 +447,8 @@ export async function showTargetEditor(targetId: string | null = null, cloneData
 
             (document.getElementById('target-editor-adaptive-fps') as HTMLInputElement).checked = false;
             (document.getElementById('target-editor-protocol') as HTMLSelectElement).value = 'ddp';
+            (document.getElementById('target-editor-max-milliamps') as HTMLInputElement).value = '0';
+            (document.getElementById('target-editor-ma-per-led') as HTMLInputElement).value = '55';
 
             _populateCssDropdown('');
             _ensureBrightnessWidget().setValue(1.0);
@@ -515,6 +529,8 @@ export async function saveTargetEditor() {
 
     const adaptiveFps = (document.getElementById('target-editor-adaptive-fps') as HTMLInputElement).checked;
     const protocol = (document.getElementById('target-editor-protocol') as HTMLSelectElement).value;
+    const maxMilliamps = Math.max(0, Math.round(Number((document.getElementById('target-editor-max-milliamps') as HTMLInputElement).value) || 0));
+    const milliampsPerLed = Math.max(1, Math.round(Number((document.getElementById('target-editor-ma-per-led') as HTMLInputElement).value) || 55));
 
     const payload: any = {
         name,
@@ -526,6 +542,8 @@ export async function saveTargetEditor() {
         keepalive_interval: standbyInterval,
         adaptive_fps: adaptiveFps,
         protocol,
+        max_milliamps: maxMilliamps,
+        milliamps_per_led: milliampsPerLed,
         tags: _targetTagsInput ? _targetTagsInput.getValue() : [],
     };
 

server/src/ledgrab/static/js/types/output-target.ts

@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ export interface LedOutputTarget extends OutputTargetBase {
     min_brightness_threshold?: BindableFloat;
     adaptive_fps: boolean;
     protocol: string;
+    max_milliamps?: number;
+    milliamps_per_led?: number;
 }
 
 export type HALightSourceKind = 'css' | 'color_vs';

server/src/ledgrab/static/js/types/template.ts

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ export interface PostprocessingTemplate {
     description?: string;
     icon?: string;
     icon_color?: string;
+    is_builtin?: boolean;
     created_at: string;
     updated_at: string;
 }

server/src/ledgrab/static/locales/en.json

@@ -1235,6 +1235,17 @@
   "automations.rule.time_of_day.start_time": "Start Time:",
   "automations.rule.time_of_day.end_time": "End Time:",
   "automations.rule.time_of_day.overnight_hint": "For overnight ranges (e.g. 22:00–06:00), set start time after end time.",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.days": "Active days",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.days_hint": "Leave all unselected for every day. Overnight windows count toward the day they start on.",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.timezone": "Timezone",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.timezone.placeholder": "Server local (e.g. Europe/Berlin)",
+  "weekday.short.0": "Mon",
+  "weekday.short.1": "Tue",
+  "weekday.short.2": "Wed",
+  "weekday.short.3": "Thu",
+  "weekday.short.4": "Fri",
+  "weekday.short.5": "Sat",
+  "weekday.short.6": "Sun",
   "automations.rule.system_idle": "System Idle",
   "automations.rule.system_idle.desc": "User idle/active",
   "automations.rule.system_idle.idle_minutes": "Idle Timeout (minutes):",
@@ -2079,8 +2090,14 @@
   "targets.adaptive_fps.hint": "Automatically reduce send rate when the device becomes unresponsive, and gradually recover when it stabilizes. Recommended for WiFi devices with weak signal.",
   "targets.protocol": "Protocol:",
   "targets.protocol.hint": "DDP sends pixels via fast UDP (recommended for most setups). HTTP uses the JSON API — slower but reliable, limited to ~500 LEDs.",
+  "targets.power_limit": "Max current (ABL):",
+  "targets.power_limit.hint": "Caps the strip's estimated current draw to your power-supply budget to prevent brownouts (voltage sag, color shift, flicker) on bright/white scenes. Set it to your PSU's rated current, leaving some headroom. 0 = unlimited.",
+  "targets.power_limit.ma_suffix": "mA (0 = unlimited)",
+  "targets.power_limit.per_led": "mA per LED (full white):",
   "targets.protocol.ddp": "DDP (UDP)",
   "targets.protocol.ddp.desc": "Fast raw UDP packets — recommended",
+  "targets.protocol.udp": "WLED UDP (realtime)",
+  "targets.protocol.udp.desc": "WLED native realtime — RGBW whites + auto-revert if the stream drops",
   "targets.protocol.http": "HTTP",
   "targets.protocol.http.desc": "JSON API — slower, ≤500 LEDs",
   "targets.protocol.serial": "Serial",

server/src/ledgrab/static/locales/ru.json

@@ -1269,6 +1269,17 @@
   "automations.rule.time_of_day.start_time": "Время начала:",
   "automations.rule.time_of_day.end_time": "Время окончания:",
   "automations.rule.time_of_day.overnight_hint": "Для ночных диапазонов (например 22:00–06:00) укажите время начала позже времени окончания.",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.days": "Активные дни",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.days_hint": "Оставьте всё невыбранным для всех дней. Ночные окна относятся ко дню, когда они начинаются.",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.timezone": "Часовой пояс",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.timezone.placeholder": "Локальное время сервера (напр. Europe/Berlin)",
+  "weekday.short.0": "Пн",
+  "weekday.short.1": "Вт",
+  "weekday.short.2": "Ср",
+  "weekday.short.3": "Чт",
+  "weekday.short.4": "Пт",
+  "weekday.short.5": "Сб",
+  "weekday.short.6": "Вс",
   "automations.rule.system_idle": "Бездействие системы",
   "automations.rule.system_idle.desc": "Бездействие/активность",
   "automations.rule.system_idle.idle_minutes": "Тайм-аут бездействия (минуты):",
@@ -1939,8 +1950,14 @@
   "targets.adaptive_fps.hint": "Автоматически снижает частоту отправки, когда устройство перестаёт отвечать, и постепенно восстанавливает её при стабилизации. Рекомендуется для WiFi-устройств со слабым сигналом.",
   "targets.protocol": "Протокол:",
   "targets.protocol.hint": "DDP отправляет пиксели по быстрому UDP (рекомендуется). HTTP использует JSON API — медленнее, но надёжнее, ограничение ~500 LED.",
+  "targets.power_limit": "Макс. ток (ABL):",
+  "targets.power_limit.hint": "Ограничивает расчётный ток ленты бюджетом блока питания, чтобы избежать просадок напряжения (сдвиг цвета, мерцание, перезагрузки) на ярких/белых сценах. Укажите номинальный ток вашего БП с запасом. 0 = без ограничения.",
+  "targets.power_limit.ma_suffix": "мА (0 = без ограничения)",
+  "targets.power_limit.per_led": "мА на светодиод (полный белый):",
   "targets.protocol.ddp": "DDP (UDP)",
   "targets.protocol.ddp.desc": "Быстрые UDP-пакеты — рекомендуется",
+  "targets.protocol.udp": "WLED UDP (realtime)",
+  "targets.protocol.udp.desc": "Нативный realtime WLED — корректный RGBW и авто-возврат при обрыве потока",
   "targets.protocol.http": "HTTP",
   "targets.protocol.http.desc": "JSON API — медленнее, ≤500 LED",
   "targets.protocol.serial": "Serial",

server/src/ledgrab/static/locales/zh.json

@@ -1265,6 +1265,17 @@
   "automations.rule.time_of_day.start_time": "开始时间：",
   "automations.rule.time_of_day.end_time": "结束时间：",
   "automations.rule.time_of_day.overnight_hint": "跨夜时段（如 22:00–06:00），请将开始时间设为晚于结束时间。",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.days": "生效日期",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.days_hint": "全部不选表示每天生效。跨夜时段归属于其开始的那一天。",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.timezone": "时区",
+  "automations.rule.time_of_day.timezone.placeholder": "服务器本地时间（如 Europe/Berlin）",
+  "weekday.short.0": "周一",
+  "weekday.short.1": "周二",
+  "weekday.short.2": "周三",
+  "weekday.short.3": "周四",
+  "weekday.short.4": "周五",
+  "weekday.short.5": "周六",
+  "weekday.short.6": "周日",
   "automations.rule.system_idle": "系统空闲",
   "automations.rule.system_idle.desc": "空闲/活跃",
   "automations.rule.system_idle.idle_minutes": "空闲超时（分钟）：",
@@ -1935,8 +1946,14 @@
   "targets.adaptive_fps.hint": "当设备无响应时自动降低发送速率，稳定后逐步恢复。推荐用于信号较弱的WiFi设备。",
   "targets.protocol": "协议：",
   "targets.protocol.hint": "DDP通过快速UDP发送像素（推荐）。HTTP使用JSON API——较慢但可靠，限制约500个LED。",
+  "targets.power_limit": "最大电流 (ABL)：",
+  "targets.power_limit.hint": "将灯带的估算电流限制在电源预算内，以防止明亮/白色场景下的电压骤降（颜色偏移、闪烁、重启）。请设为电源的额定电流并留有余量。0 = 不限制。",
+  "targets.power_limit.ma_suffix": "mA（0 = 不限制）",
+  "targets.power_limit.per_led": "每颗 LED 电流（全白）：",
   "targets.protocol.ddp": "DDP (UDP)",
   "targets.protocol.ddp.desc": "快速UDP数据包 - 推荐",
+  "targets.protocol.udp": "WLED UDP（实时）",
+  "targets.protocol.udp.desc": "WLED 原生实时 — 正确的 RGBW 白色，断流时自动恢复",
   "targets.protocol.http": "HTTP",
   "targets.protocol.http.desc": "JSON API - 较慢，≤500 LED",
   "targets.protocol.serial": "串口",

server/src/ledgrab/storage/automation.py

@@ -65,27 +65,40 @@ class ApplicationRule(Rule):
 
 @dataclass
 class TimeOfDayRule(Rule):
-    """Activate during a specific time range (server local time).
+    """Activate during a specific time range.
 
     Supports overnight ranges: if start_time > end_time, the range wraps
-    around midnight (e.g. 22:00 → 06:00).
+    around midnight (e.g. 22:00 → 06:00) — an overnight window belongs to the
+    day it *starts* on. ``days_of_week`` (0=Mon .. 6=Sun, empty = every day)
+    restricts which days the window is active. ``timezone`` is an IANA name
+    (e.g. "Europe/Berlin"); empty = the server's local time.
     """
 
     rule_type: str = "time_of_day"
     start_time: str = "00:00"  # HH:MM
     end_time: str = "23:59"  # HH:MM
+    days_of_week: List[int] = field(default_factory=list)  # 0=Mon..6=Sun; empty=all days
+    timezone: str = ""  # IANA tz name; empty = server local time
 
     def to_dict(self) -> dict:
         d = super().to_dict()
         d["start_time"] = self.start_time
         d["end_time"] = self.end_time
+        d["days_of_week"] = self.days_of_week
+        d["timezone"] = self.timezone
         return d
 
     @classmethod
     def from_dict(cls, data: dict) -> "TimeOfDayRule":
+        raw_days = data.get("days_of_week") or []
+        days = sorted(
+            {int(d) for d in raw_days if isinstance(d, (int, float)) and 0 <= int(d) <= 6}
+        )
         return cls(
             start_time=data.get("start_time", "00:00"),
             end_time=data.get("end_time", "23:59"),
+            days_of_week=days,
+            timezone=data.get("timezone", "") or "",
         )
 
 

server/src/ledgrab/storage/output_target_store.py

@@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ class OutputTargetStore(BaseSqliteStore[OutputTarget]):
         min_brightness_threshold: Any = 0,
         adaptive_fps: bool = False,
         protocol: str = "ddp",
+        max_milliamps: int = 0,
+        milliamps_per_led: int = 55,
         description: str | None = None,
         tags: List[str] | None = None,
         # legacy compat
@@ -116,6 +118,8 @@ class OutputTargetStore(BaseSqliteStore[OutputTarget]):
             min_brightness_threshold=BindableFloat.from_raw(min_brightness_threshold, default=0.0),
             adaptive_fps=adaptive_fps,
             protocol=protocol,
+            max_milliamps=max(0, int(max_milliamps or 0)),
+            milliamps_per_led=max(1, int(milliamps_per_led or 55)),
             description=description,
             created_at=now,
             updated_at=now,
@@ -335,6 +339,8 @@ class OutputTargetStore(BaseSqliteStore[OutputTarget]):
         min_brightness_threshold: Any = None,
         adaptive_fps: bool | None = None,
         protocol: str | None = None,
+        max_milliamps: int | None = None,
+        milliamps_per_led: int | None = None,
         description: str | None = None,
         tags: List[str] | None = None,
         icon: str | None = None,
@@ -356,6 +362,8 @@ class OutputTargetStore(BaseSqliteStore[OutputTarget]):
             min_brightness_threshold=min_brightness_threshold,
             adaptive_fps=adaptive_fps,
             protocol=protocol,
+            max_milliamps=max_milliamps,
+            milliamps_per_led=milliamps_per_led,
             description=description,
             tags=tags,
             icon=icon,

server/src/ledgrab/storage/postprocessing_template.py

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ class PostprocessingTemplate:
     tags: List[str] = field(default_factory=list)
     icon: str = ""
     icon_color: str = ""
+    is_builtin: bool = False
 
     def to_dict(self) -> dict:
         """Convert template to dictionary."""
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ class PostprocessingTemplate:
             "updated_at": self.updated_at.isoformat(),
             "description": self.description,
             "tags": self.tags,
+            "is_builtin": self.is_builtin,
         }
         if self.icon:
             d["icon"] = self.icon
@@ -61,4 +63,5 @@ class PostprocessingTemplate:
             tags=data.get("tags", []),
             icon=data.get("icon", "") or "",
             icon_color=data.get("icon_color", "") or "",
+            is_builtin=data.get("is_builtin", False),
         )

server/src/ledgrab/storage/postprocessing_template_store.py

@@ -15,6 +15,57 @@ from ledgrab.utils import get_logger
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
+# Curated, read-only "look" presets — opinionated filter chains that give
+# instant good-looking output before a user discovers the filter pipeline.
+# Each entry: id-suffix -> (display name, description, [(filter_id, options), ...]).
+# Only verified filters/option keys are used.
+_BUILTIN_LOOKS: dict[str, tuple[str, str, list[tuple[str, dict]]]] = {
+    "cinematic": (
+        "Cinematic",
+        "Letterbox-aware, gently smoothed, mild colour boost — tuned for films.",
+        [
+            ("auto_crop", {"threshold": 16, "min_bar_size": 20, "min_aspect_ratio": 1.4}),
+            ("saturation", {"value": 1.12}),
+            ("temporal_blur", {"strength": 0.35}),
+        ],
+    ),
+    "vivid": (
+        "Vivid",
+        "Punchy and responsive with high saturation — tuned for games.",
+        [
+            ("saturation", {"value": 1.4}),
+            ("contrast", {"value": 1.18}),
+        ],
+    ),
+    "cozy": (
+        "Cozy",
+        "Warm, dim and smooth — relaxed evening ambience.",
+        [
+            ("color_correction", {"temperature": 3800}),
+            ("brightness", {"value": 0.85}),
+            ("saturation", {"value": 0.95}),
+            ("temporal_blur", {"strength": 0.45}),
+        ],
+    ),
+    "soft": (
+        "Soft",
+        "Heavily smoothed and calm — minimises flicker on busy content.",
+        [
+            ("temporal_blur", {"strength": 0.55}),
+            ("saturation", {"value": 0.98}),
+        ],
+    ),
+    "cool": (
+        "Cool",
+        "Crisp, cool-white and clean — a modern, neutral look.",
+        [
+            ("color_correction", {"temperature": 8000}),
+            ("saturation", {"value": 1.1}),
+        ],
+    ),
+}
+
+
 class PostprocessingTemplateStore(BaseSqliteStore[PostprocessingTemplate]):
     """Storage for postprocessing templates.
 
@@ -29,11 +80,42 @@ class PostprocessingTemplateStore(BaseSqliteStore[PostprocessingTemplate]):
     def __init__(self, db: Database):
         super().__init__(db, PostprocessingTemplate.from_dict)
         self._ensure_initial_template()
+        self._seed_missing_builtins()
 
     # Backward-compatible aliases
     get_all_templates = BaseSqliteStore.get_all
     get_template = BaseSqliteStore.get
-    delete_template = BaseSqliteStore.delete
+
+    def _seed_missing_builtins(self) -> None:
+        """Seed any curated built-in "look" templates not yet in the store."""
+        now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        added = 0
+        for key, (name, description, chain) in _BUILTIN_LOOKS.items():
+            tid = f"pp_builtin_{key}"
+            if tid in self._items:
+                continue
+            template = PostprocessingTemplate(
+                id=tid,
+                name=name,
+                filters=[FilterInstance(fid, dict(opts)) for fid, opts in chain],
+                created_at=now,
+                updated_at=now,
+                description=description,
+                tags=["look"],
+                is_builtin=True,
+            )
+            self._items[tid] = template
+            self._save_item(tid, template)
+            added += 1
+        if added:
+            logger.info(f"Seeded {added} new built-in look templates")
+
+    def delete_template(self, template_id: str) -> None:
+        """Delete a template. Built-in looks are read-only."""
+        template = self.get(template_id)
+        if getattr(template, "is_builtin", False):
+            raise ValueError("Built-in look templates cannot be deleted. Clone to customise.")
+        self.delete(template_id)
 
     def _ensure_initial_template(self) -> None:
         """Auto-create a default postprocessing template if none exist."""
@@ -114,6 +196,9 @@ class PostprocessingTemplateStore(BaseSqliteStore[PostprocessingTemplate]):
     ) -> PostprocessingTemplate:
         template = self.get(template_id)
 
+        if getattr(template, "is_builtin", False):
+            raise ValueError("Built-in look templates are read-only. Clone to customise.")
+
         if name is not None:
             self._check_name_unique(name, exclude_id=template_id)
             template.name = name

server/src/ledgrab/storage/wled_output_target.py

@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ class WledOutputTarget(OutputTarget, type_key="led"):
     min_brightness_threshold: BindableFloat = field(default_factory=lambda: BindableFloat(0.0))
     adaptive_fps: bool = False  # auto-reduce FPS when device is unresponsive
     protocol: str = "ddp"  # "ddp" (UDP) or "http" (JSON API)
+    # Automatic brightness limiting (ABL): cap estimated strip draw to a PSU
+    # budget. max_milliamps <= 0 disables it. milliamps_per_led is the full-white
+    # draw of one LED (WS2812-class default 55 mA).
+    max_milliamps: int = 0
+    milliamps_per_led: int = 55
 
     def register_with_manager(self, manager) -> None:
         """Register this WLED target with the processor manager."""
@@ -39,6 +44,8 @@ class WledOutputTarget(OutputTarget, type_key="led"):
                 min_brightness_threshold=self.min_brightness_threshold,
                 adaptive_fps=self.adaptive_fps,
                 protocol=self.protocol,
+                max_milliamps=self.max_milliamps,
+                milliamps_per_led=self.milliamps_per_led,
             )
 
     def sync_with_manager(
@@ -59,6 +66,8 @@ class WledOutputTarget(OutputTarget, type_key="led"):
                     "state_check_interval": self.state_check_interval,
                     "min_brightness_threshold": self.min_brightness_threshold,
                     "adaptive_fps": self.adaptive_fps,
+                    "max_milliamps": self.max_milliamps,
+                    "milliamps_per_led": self.milliamps_per_led,
                 },
             )
         if css_changed:
@@ -81,6 +90,8 @@ class WledOutputTarget(OutputTarget, type_key="led"):
         min_brightness_threshold=None,
         adaptive_fps=None,
         protocol=None,
+        max_milliamps=None,
+        milliamps_per_led=None,
         description=None,
         tags: List[str] | None = None,
         icon: str | None = None,
@@ -122,6 +133,10 @@ class WledOutputTarget(OutputTarget, type_key="led"):
             self.adaptive_fps = adaptive_fps
         if protocol is not None:
             self.protocol = protocol
+        if max_milliamps is not None:
+            self.max_milliamps = max(0, int(max_milliamps))
+        if milliamps_per_led is not None:
+            self.milliamps_per_led = max(1, int(milliamps_per_led))
 
     @property
     def has_picture_source(self) -> bool:
@@ -139,6 +154,8 @@ class WledOutputTarget(OutputTarget, type_key="led"):
         d["min_brightness_threshold"] = self.min_brightness_threshold.to_dict()
         d["adaptive_fps"] = self.adaptive_fps
         d["protocol"] = self.protocol
+        d["max_milliamps"] = self.max_milliamps
+        d["milliamps_per_led"] = self.milliamps_per_led
         return d
 
     @classmethod
@@ -165,6 +182,8 @@ class WledOutputTarget(OutputTarget, type_key="led"):
             ),
             adaptive_fps=data.get("adaptive_fps", False),
             protocol=data.get("protocol", "ddp"),
+            max_milliamps=int(data.get("max_milliamps", 0) or 0),
+            milliamps_per_led=int(data.get("milliamps_per_led", 55) or 55),
             description=data.get("description"),
             tags=data.get("tags", []),
             icon=data.get("icon", ""),

server/src/ledgrab/templates/modals/target-editor.html

@@ -123,6 +123,7 @@
                                     <small class="input-hint" style="display:none" data-i18n="targets.protocol.hint">DDP sends pixels via fast UDP (recommended). HTTP uses the JSON API — slower but reliable, limited to ~500 LEDs.</small>
                                     <select id="target-editor-protocol">
                                         <option value="ddp">DDP (UDP)</option>
+                                        <option value="udp">WLED UDP (realtime)</option>
                                         <option value="http">HTTP</option>
                                     </select>
                                 </div>
@@ -138,6 +139,22 @@
                                     <small class="input-hint" style="display:none" data-i18n="targets.keepalive_interval.hint">How often to resend the last frame when the screen is static, to keep the device in live mode (0.5-5.0s)</small>
                                     <input type="range" id="target-editor-keepalive-interval" min="0.5" max="5.0" step="0.5" value="1.0" oninput="document.getElementById('target-editor-keepalive-interval-value').textContent = this.value">
                                 </div>
+
+                                <div class="form-group" id="target-editor-power-limit-group">
+                                    <div class="label-row">
+                                        <label for="target-editor-max-milliamps" data-i18n="targets.power_limit">Max current (ABL):</label>
+                                        <button type="button" class="hint-toggle" onclick="toggleHint(this)" title="?">?</button>
+                                    </div>
+                                    <small class="input-hint" style="display:none" data-i18n="targets.power_limit.hint">Caps the strip's estimated current draw to your power-supply budget to prevent brownouts (voltage sag, color shift, flicker) on bright/white scenes. Set it to your PSU's rated current, leaving some headroom. 0 = unlimited.</small>
+                                    <div class="label-row">
+                                        <input type="number" id="target-editor-max-milliamps" min="0" max="200000" step="100" value="0">
+                                        <span data-i18n="targets.power_limit.ma_suffix">mA (0 = unlimited)</span>
+                                    </div>
+                                    <div class="label-row">
+                                        <label for="target-editor-ma-per-led" data-i18n="targets.power_limit.per_led">mA per LED (full white):</label>
+                                        <input type="number" id="target-editor-ma-per-led" min="1" max="200" step="1" value="55">
+                                    </div>
+                                </div>
                             </div>
                         </details>
                     </div>

server/tests/test_postprocessing_looks.py

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+"""Tests for built-in curated 'look' postprocessing templates."""
+
+import pytest
+
+from ledgrab.core.filters.registry import FilterRegistry
+from ledgrab.storage.postprocessing_template import PostprocessingTemplate
+from ledgrab.storage.postprocessing_template_store import (
+    _BUILTIN_LOOKS,
+    PostprocessingTemplateStore,
+)
+
+
+def test_builtins_are_seeded(tmp_db):
+    store = PostprocessingTemplateStore(tmp_db)
+    for key in _BUILTIN_LOOKS:
+        tpl = store.get_template(f"pp_builtin_{key}")
+        assert tpl.is_builtin is True
+        assert tpl.filters  # non-empty chain
+
+
+def test_builtin_filters_use_registered_ids(tmp_db):
+    store = PostprocessingTemplateStore(tmp_db)
+    for key in _BUILTIN_LOOKS:
+        tpl = store.get_template(f"pp_builtin_{key}")
+        for fi in tpl.filters:
+            assert FilterRegistry.is_registered(fi.filter_id), fi.filter_id
+
+
+def test_seeding_is_idempotent(tmp_db):
+    PostprocessingTemplateStore(tmp_db)
+    store2 = PostprocessingTemplateStore(tmp_db)
+    ids = [t.id for t in store2.get_all_templates() if t.id.startswith("pp_builtin_")]
+    assert sorted(ids) == sorted(f"pp_builtin_{k}" for k in _BUILTIN_LOOKS)
+
+
+def test_builtin_update_is_blocked(tmp_db):
+    store = PostprocessingTemplateStore(tmp_db)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="read-only"):
+        store.update_template("pp_builtin_vivid", name="Hacked")
+
+
+def test_builtin_delete_is_blocked(tmp_db):
+    store = PostprocessingTemplateStore(tmp_db)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot be deleted"):
+        store.delete_template("pp_builtin_vivid")
+
+
+def test_user_template_still_editable_and_deletable(tmp_db):
+    store = PostprocessingTemplateStore(tmp_db)
+    tpl = store.create_template("My Look", filters=[])
+    assert tpl.is_builtin is False
+    store.update_template(tpl.id, description="changed")
+    store.delete_template(tpl.id)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        store.get_template(tpl.id)
+
+
+def test_is_builtin_round_trips_through_dict():
+    tpl = PostprocessingTemplate.from_dict(
+        {
+            "id": "pp_x",
+            "name": "x",
+            "filters": [],
+            "created_at": "2026-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
+            "updated_at": "2026-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
+            "is_builtin": True,
+        }
+    )
+    assert tpl.is_builtin is True
+    assert tpl.to_dict()["is_builtin"] is True
+    # legacy dict without the field defaults to False
+    legacy = PostprocessingTemplate.from_dict(
+        {
+            "id": "pp_y",
+            "name": "y",
+            "filters": [],
+            "created_at": "2026-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
+            "updated_at": "2026-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
+        }
+    )
+    assert legacy.is_builtin is False

server/tests/test_power_limit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+"""Unit tests for automatic brightness limiting (ABL) current estimation."""
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from ledgrab.core.processing.power_limit import (
+    DEFAULT_MILLIAMPS_PER_LED,
+    estimate_current_ma,
+    power_limit_scale,
+)
+
+
+def test_default_ma_per_led_constant():
+    assert DEFAULT_MILLIAMPS_PER_LED == 55
+
+
+def test_full_white_draws_ma_per_led_times_count():
+    colors = np.full((100, 3), 255, dtype=np.uint8)
+    assert estimate_current_ma(colors, 55) == pytest.approx(100 * 55)
+
+
+def test_black_draws_zero():
+    colors = np.zeros((100, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
+    assert estimate_current_ma(colors, 55) == 0.0
+
+
+def test_half_white_is_half_current():
+    full = estimate_current_ma(np.full((100, 3), 255, dtype=np.uint8), 55)
+    half = estimate_current_ma(np.full((100, 3), 128, dtype=np.uint8), 55)
+    assert half == pytest.approx(full * 128 / 255, rel=1e-6)
+
+
+def test_zero_ma_per_led_draws_zero():
+    colors = np.full((100, 3), 255, dtype=np.uint8)
+    assert estimate_current_ma(colors, 0) == 0.0
+
+
+def test_empty_frame_is_safe():
+    colors = np.zeros((0, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
+    assert estimate_current_ma(colors, 55) == 0.0
+    assert power_limit_scale(colors, 1000, 55) == 1.0
+
+
+def test_scale_is_one_when_disabled():
+    colors = np.full((100, 3), 255, dtype=np.uint8)
+    assert power_limit_scale(colors, 0, 55) == 1.0
+    assert power_limit_scale(colors, -1, 55) == 1.0
+
+
+def test_scale_is_one_within_budget():
+    colors = np.full((100, 3), 255, dtype=np.uint8)  # 5500 mA at 55 mA/LED
+    assert power_limit_scale(colors, 6000, 55) == 1.0
+    assert power_limit_scale(colors, 5500, 55) == 1.0  # exactly on budget
+
+
+def test_scale_brings_full_white_to_budget():
+    colors = np.full((100, 3), 255, dtype=np.uint8)  # 5500 mA
+    scale = power_limit_scale(colors, 2750, 55)  # half budget
+    assert scale == pytest.approx(0.5, rel=1e-6)
+
+
+def test_applying_scale_lands_within_budget():
+    colors = np.full((100, 3), 255, dtype=np.uint8)  # 5500 mA
+    budget = 2750
+    scale = power_limit_scale(colors, budget, 55)
+    # Mirror the processor's fixed-point application (factor/256).
+    factor = int(scale * 256)
+    scaled = ((colors.astype(np.uint16) * factor) >> 8).astype(np.uint8)
+    # Fixed-point rounding can only ever round DOWN, so we never exceed budget.
+    assert estimate_current_ma(scaled, 55) <= budget

server/tests/test_time_of_day_schedule.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+"""Tests for time-of-day automation scheduling (weekday + timezone + overnight)."""
+
+import datetime as dt
+
+from ledgrab.core.automations import automation_engine as ae
+from ledgrab.core.automations.automation_engine import AutomationEngine, _now_in_tz
+from ledgrab.storage.automation import TimeOfDayRule
+
+_eval = AutomationEngine._evaluate_time_of_day
+
+
+def _patch_now(monkeypatch, fixed: dt.datetime) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(ae, "_now_in_tz", lambda tz: fixed)
+
+
+def test_within_window_every_day(monkeypatch):
+    _patch_now(monkeypatch, dt.datetime(2026, 6, 3, 20, 0))
+    assert _eval(TimeOfDayRule(start_time="18:00", end_time="23:00")) is True
+
+
+def test_outside_window(monkeypatch):
+    _patch_now(monkeypatch, dt.datetime(2026, 6, 3, 12, 0))
+    assert _eval(TimeOfDayRule(start_time="18:00", end_time="23:00")) is False
+
+
+def test_weekday_filter(monkeypatch):
+    fixed = dt.datetime(2026, 6, 3, 20, 0)
+    wd = fixed.weekday()
+    _patch_now(monkeypatch, fixed)
+    assert _eval(TimeOfDayRule("time_of_day", "18:00", "23:00", days_of_week=[wd])) is True
+    assert (
+        _eval(TimeOfDayRule("time_of_day", "18:00", "23:00", days_of_week=[(wd + 1) % 7])) is False
+    )
+
+
+def test_overnight_evening_uses_today(monkeypatch):
+    fixed = dt.datetime(2026, 6, 3, 23, 0)  # evening tail of a 22:00->06:00 window
+    wd = fixed.weekday()
+    _patch_now(monkeypatch, fixed)
+    assert _eval(TimeOfDayRule("time_of_day", "22:00", "06:00", days_of_week=[wd])) is True
+    assert (
+        _eval(TimeOfDayRule("time_of_day", "22:00", "06:00", days_of_week=[(wd + 1) % 7])) is False
+    )
+
+
+def test_overnight_morning_uses_yesterday(monkeypatch):
+    fixed = dt.datetime(2026, 6, 3, 3, 0)  # morning tail belongs to yesterday's window
+    today = fixed.weekday()
+    yesterday = (today - 1) % 7
+    _patch_now(monkeypatch, fixed)
+    assert _eval(TimeOfDayRule("time_of_day", "22:00", "06:00", days_of_week=[yesterday])) is True
+    assert _eval(TimeOfDayRule("time_of_day", "22:00", "06:00", days_of_week=[today])) is False
+
+
+def test_from_dict_filters_invalid_days():
+    rule = TimeOfDayRule.from_dict({"days_of_week": [0, 7, -1, 3, 3, "x", 2.0]})
+    assert rule.days_of_week == [0, 2, 3]
+
+
+def test_to_dict_round_trips_new_fields():
+    rule = TimeOfDayRule("time_of_day", "08:00", "20:00", days_of_week=[1, 2], timezone="UTC")
+    d = rule.to_dict()
+    assert d["days_of_week"] == [1, 2]
+    assert d["timezone"] == "UTC"
+    again = TimeOfDayRule.from_dict(d)
+    assert again.days_of_week == [1, 2] and again.timezone == "UTC"
+
+
+def test_now_in_tz_invalid_falls_back_to_local():
+    assert _now_in_tz("Not/AZone").tzinfo is None
+
+
+def test_now_in_tz_valid_is_aware():
+    assert _now_in_tz("UTC").tzinfo is not None
+
+
+def test_now_in_tz_empty_is_local():
+    assert _now_in_tz("").tzinfo is None

server/tests/test_wled_realtime.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+"""Unit tests for the WLED native realtime UDP packet builder."""
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from ledgrab.core.devices.wled_realtime_client import (
+    DEFAULT_REALTIME_TIMEOUT,
+    WledRealtimeClient,
+    _clamp_timeout,
+)
+
+
+def _rgb(n: int) -> np.ndarray:
+    return np.arange(n * 3, dtype=np.uint8).reshape(n, 3)
+
+
+def test_drgb_small_rgb_strip():
+    c = WledRealtimeClient("1.2.3.4", timeout_secs=2)
+    pixels = _rgb(10)
+    packets = c.build_packets(pixels)
+    assert len(packets) == 1
+    p = packets[0]
+    assert p[0] == 2  # DRGB
+    assert p[1] == 2  # timeout seconds
+    assert len(p) == 2 + 10 * 3
+    assert p[2:] == pixels.tobytes()
+
+
+def test_drgbw_sets_explicit_white_zero():
+    c = WledRealtimeClient("1.2.3.4", rgbw=True, timeout_secs=5)
+    pixels = np.full((4, 3), 200, dtype=np.uint8)
+    packets = c.build_packets(pixels)
+    assert len(packets) == 1
+    p = packets[0]
+    assert p[0] == 3  # DRGBW
+    assert p[1] == 5
+    assert len(p) == 2 + 4 * 4
+    body = np.frombuffer(p[2:], dtype=np.uint8).reshape(4, 4)
+    assert (body[:, 0:3] == 200).all()
+    assert (body[:, 3] == 0).all()  # white channel zeroed
+
+
+def test_dnrgb_chunks_large_rgb_strip():
+    c = WledRealtimeClient("1.2.3.4", timeout_secs=3)
+    n = 1000  # > 490 -> DNRGB, > 489 per chunk -> 3 packets (489+489+22)
+    pixels = _rgb(n)
+    packets = c.build_packets(pixels)
+    assert len(packets) == 3
+    # Each packet starts with [4][timeout][start_hi][start_lo]
+    starts = []
+    total_leds = 0
+    for p in packets:
+        assert p[0] == 4  # DNRGB
+        assert p[1] == 3  # timeout
+        start = (p[2] << 8) | p[3]
+        starts.append(start)
+        leds = (len(p) - 4) // 3
+        total_leds += leds
+    assert starts == [0, 489, 978]
+    assert total_leds == n
+
+
+def test_dnrgb_reassembles_to_original():
+    c = WledRealtimeClient("1.2.3.4", timeout_secs=1)
+    n = 700
+    pixels = _rgb(n)
+    out = bytearray()
+    for p in c.build_packets(pixels):
+        out += p[4:]
+    assert bytes(out) == pixels.tobytes()
+
+
+def test_empty_frame_no_packets():
+    c = WledRealtimeClient("1.2.3.4")
+    assert c.build_packets(np.zeros((0, 3), dtype=np.uint8)) == []
+
+
+def test_timeout_clamped_to_wire_range():
+    assert _clamp_timeout(0) == 1
+    assert _clamp_timeout(-5) == 1
+    assert _clamp_timeout(255) == 255
+    assert _clamp_timeout(1000) == 255
+    assert WledRealtimeClient("h", timeout_secs=0).timeout_secs == 1
+
+
+def test_rgbw_over_capacity_falls_back_to_dnrgb():
+    # 400 RGBW LEDs (> 367) can't use DRGBW; falls back to DNRGB (RGB).
+    c = WledRealtimeClient("1.2.3.4", rgbw=True, timeout_secs=2)
+    packets = c.build_packets(_rgb(400))
+    assert all(p[0] == 4 for p in packets)  # DNRGB
+
+
+def test_default_timeout_constant():
+    assert DEFAULT_REALTIME_TIMEOUT == 2
+    assert WledRealtimeClient("h").timeout_secs == 2